發(fā)布時間：2018-08-02 12:19

【摘要】： 強調或突出臺灣與大陸的歷史文化聯系，是以往臺灣史和兩岸關系史研究中最基本的學術取向；受其影響，兩岸之間的管轄關系，以及歷史上中原王朝對臺灣的管轄形式，或多或少被忽略。事實上，臺灣海峽，風濤之險，不僅未能阻止兩岸的歷史文化聯系，而且還孕育出為應對或適應自然阻隔而設計的管轄制度。清代渡海巡臺制度，即是臺灣建省之前，清王朝對臺灣實施的直接管轄制度。就中原王朝對臺灣的直接管轄形式而言，其上承早期的“隔海遙制”，下啟晚清臺灣建省，可謂承前啟后。本文擬在制度視角下，以清代治臺政策為背景，以渡海巡臺制度的演變?yōu)橹骶�，通過對制度運作之描述與分析，揭示其性質與功能。 本文除在緒論中通過回顧相關研究成果，以啟發(fā)研究動機外，共分四章。其中，第一章為切入主題之前的背景；第二、三、四章分別為清代渡海巡臺制度演變的三個階段；最后通過對清代渡海巡臺制度進行整體性分析，作為本文的結論。 第一章清代渡海巡臺之背景。本文重點探討清代渡海巡臺制度的演變及其功能，但在切入主題之前，也述及“七百里橫洋”，不僅颶槺驟發(fā)，風信靡常，而且有黑水溝之險與鹿爾門之憂等惡劣的水文、氣候現象，對海防和海上交通帶來的不利影響、對渡者心理造成的恐懼和由此形成的海神信仰；同時，對清代渡海巡臺制度實施之前，歷史上中原王朝對臺灣的早期管轄形式之演變，即經由早期經略、以澎湖遙制臺灣和閩臺合治，及其所折射出的文化觀念，進行較為詳實的考證與描述。在相對潛在且相當宏觀的視角下，揭示清代渡海巡臺的自然、歷史與文化背景，為后面的研究提供一個分析框架。 第二章巡臺御史制度，即清代渡海巡臺制度的初始階段。巡臺御史制度，肇建于對康熙六十年朱一貴起義的反思；而它的廢止，，則迎來了乾隆五十一年的林爽文起義。無論是歷史巧合還是具有因果關系，巡臺御史制度對清代臺灣之政治、武備和文化教育等方面產生的積極影響，是可以肯定的。依據制度設計，巡臺御史的職責為“溝通信息”，即推行朝廷政令，反映臺灣輿情；其實際運作中則具體表現為條陳臺地事宜、處理地方事務、巡閱營伍和推行教化等。巡臺御史之無限權力來自皇權所賦，因此，皇權與巡臺御史的疏離，福建地方官員與巡臺御史的矛盾，成為巡臺御史職權式微的主要原因。本章之研究，較偏重于制度的執(zhí)行者巡臺御史和實際執(zhí)行中的制度、規(guī)則、慣例，及其運行模式，而不僅局限于成文制度的規(guī)則與運作。 第三章福建大員輪值巡臺制度，即清代渡海巡臺制度演變的第二階段。福建大員輪值巡臺制度，在設計上吸收了閩臺合治與御史巡臺兩種制度的積極意義，既理順了閩臺權力運作關系，又保證了中央政策在臺灣推行，清王朝對臺灣的直接管轄制度由此進入常態(tài)，此后的調整與變易，甚至包括臺灣建省，幾乎都是在此框架內進行的。本章首先對福建大員的早期渡臺活動及其影響進行分析，意在強調巡臺大員在清廷制定治臺政策時具有特殊的發(fā)言權。其次，通過對福建大員輪值巡臺活動的考證，共有26位福建大員、31次巡視臺灣；根據性質，將其初步分為循例巡臺和因事巡臺兩類，其中，因事巡臺，進一步細分為追剿海盜、平定民變、彈壓械斗和招墾番地四類。最后，從臺灣海峽惡劣的自然環(huán)境、福建內地的社會秩序，以及臺灣鎮(zhèn)、道職權的變化三個因素，探尋輪值巡臺制度兩度中斷的原因。 第四章閩撫冬春駐臺制度，即清代渡海巡臺制度演變的第三階段。自同治十三年沈葆楨巡臺以后，歷任駐臺閩撫的巡臺活動大都圍繞開山撫番、洋務與海防徐徐展開，內地化成為清政府治臺政策的本質。駐臺閩撫的治臺主張及其在朝廷的反應，為本章首先關注的問題。其次，由于閩撫駐臺制度追求的“閩臺呼應”與“事權歸一”，與晚清臺灣建省之初衷，在本質上是一致的；臺灣建省，可謂閩撫駐臺乃至渡海巡臺制度演變的必然趨勢，故而成為本章關注的另一個重點。當然，本章還對閩撫駐臺制度的定制與沿革，作了較為詳細的梳理與分析。 結論。由于此前三章進行了較為微觀的階段性研究，最后通過整體性分析，得出如下結論：第一，清代渡海巡臺制度，為清政府對臺灣實行的直接管轄制度；清王朝通過渡海巡臺制度在認識臺灣、溝通信息、制定或調整治臺政策，以及維持政權存續(xù)之功能，實現和加強了對臺灣的直接管轄。第二，清代渡海巡臺制度的實施動因系臺灣重大事件之刺激，實質則是順應臺灣社會變遷和移民墾殖之拓展而作的漸次調整，表現為內地化、過渡性和被動性特征。第三，臺灣海峽的自然阻隔、制度自身缺陷，以及重陸輕海觀念影響和制約了清代渡海巡臺制度的功能，表明清代渡海巡臺制度是陸權時代的管轄制度；進入海權時代，若不能取得臺灣海峽的制海權，其功能是十分有限的。
[Abstract]:To emphasize or highlight the historical and cultural ties between Taiwan and the mainland is the most basic academic orientation in the history of Taiwan and the history of cross-strait relations; the jurisdiction relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits and the jurisdiction of the Central Plains to Taiwan in history are more or less neglected. In fact, the Straits of Taiwan have not been able to prevent both sides of the Straits. The historical and cultural relation of the Qing Dynasty was also conceived by the Du Haixun system in the Qing Dynasty, which was the direct jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty to Taiwan before the Taiwan province was built. In terms of the direct jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty to Taiwan, it inherited the early "remote system from the sea" to Taiwan in the late Qing Dynasty. In the view of the system, this paper will take the policy of the Qing Dynasty as the background, and take the evolution of the patrol platform system as the main line, and reveal its nature and function through the description and analysis of the system operation.
In addition to the review of relevant research results in the introduction, this article is divided into four chapters in order to enlighten the research motivation. In the first chapter, the first chapter is the background of the beginning of the theme; the second, third and the four chapters are the three stages of the evolution of the system in the Qing Dynasty. Finally, through the holistic analysis of the Du Haixun system in the Qing Dynasty, it is the conclusion of this article.
The first chapter is the background of the patrol platform in the Qing Dynasty. This paper focuses on the evolution and function of the system of the patrol platform in the Qing Dynasty. But before it cuts in the theme, it is also described as "seven hundred Li Yang". At the same time, before the implementation of the Qing Dynasty ferry patrol system, the evolution of the early jurisdiction form of the Central Plains Dynasty to Taiwan in the history of the Qing Dynasty, that is, through the early strategy, the Penghu remote system of Taiwan and Fujian and Taiwan, and the cultural concept reflected by the Central Plains, carried out a more detailed examination. Evidence and description. In a relatively potential and fairly macro perspective, the natural, historical and cultural background of the Qing Dynasty ferry patrol platform provides an analytical framework for the later research.
The second chapter was the initial stage of the emperor's patrol system in the Qing Dynasty. The system of patrol and imperial history was built on the reflection of Kangxi's sixty year uprising of Zhu Yishi. And its abolition, it ushered in the fifty-one years of Qianlong's uprising of Lin Wen Wen. According to the system design, the duty of the imperial examination system is "communication information", that is, the government decree of the court, which reflects the public opinion of the Taiwan. In its actual operation, it is concretely represented by the affairs of the tableland, the handling of local affairs, the inspection of the camp and the education, and so on. The limitation of power is derived from the imperial power. Therefore, the alienation of the imperial power and the imperial inspector's history, the contradiction between the local officials of Fujian and the Royal History of the patrol platform, has become the main reason for the decline of the power of the patrol system. The study of this chapter is more important than the system, rules, practices, and operation modes of the system, the rules, the practice, and the mode of operation. The rules and operations of the system.
The third chapter of the system of the Fujian full rotation patrol platform is the second stage of the evolution of the system of the Qing Dynasty ferry patrol platform. The system of Fujian large rotation patrol platform has absorbed the positive significance of the two systems of Fujian, Taiwan and imperial examinations, which not only straightened the power operation relationship between Fujian and Taiwan, but also ensured the implementation of the central policy in Taiwan, and the Qing Dynasty was direct to Taiwan. The following adjustment and change, including the Taiwan Province, are almost all carried out in this framework. First of all, this chapter analyzes the early stage activities and its influence of the large members of Fujian. There are 26 Fujian members and 31 visits to Taiwan. According to their nature, they are divided into two types of patrol platform and incident patrol platform. Among them, the incident patrols are further subdivided into four types of pirates, civil change, pressure fighting and inviting land. Finally, from the harsh natural environment of the Taiwan Strait, the mainland of Fujian Social order, as well as the three factors of Taiwan town and the change of authority, explore the reasons for the two interruption of the patrol platform system.
In the fourth chapter, the system of Fujian and spring stationing in Taiwan is the third stage of the evolution of the system of the patrol platform in the Qing Dynasty. After the thirteen years of Shen Bao Zheng's patrol platform, the activities of the patrols in Fujian Province are mostly centered around the opening of the mountain, and the westernization and coastal defense are slowly expanding, and the mainland becomes the essence of the policy of the Qing government. The response of this chapter is the first concern in this chapter. Secondly, because of the "Fujian and Taiwan echoes" and "the return of the power" pursued by Min Fu's stationing system, and the original intention of building the province in Taiwan in the late Qing Dynasty, it is in essence the same. In Taiwan, it may be described as the inevitable trend of the evolution of the system in Fujian Province and even the sea crossing patrol system, thus becoming another focus of this chapter. Of course, this chapter also makes a detailed analysis of the customization and evolution of Fujian Fu's stationing system.
The following three chapters have carried out a relatively micro stage study. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn through the overall analysis. First, the Qing Dynasty ferry patrol system is the direct jurisdiction system of the Qing government to Taiwan; the Qing Dynasty through the sea crossing patrol system in the understanding of Taiwan, communication information, the formulation or adjustment of the treatment platform policy, and maintenance. The function of the survival of the regime has realized and strengthened the direct jurisdiction of Taiwan. Second, the motive for the implementation of the system of the patrol platform in the Qing Dynasty is the stimulus of the major events in Taiwan. The essence is to adapt to the gradual adjustment of Taiwan's social changes and the expansion of the immigrant reclamation, showing the characteristics of the mainland, the transitional and passive characteristics. Third, the nature of the Taiwan Straits. The barrier, the system's own defects and the heavy land light sea concept influence and restrict the function of the Qing Dynasty ferry patrol system. It shows that the system of the patrol platform in the Qing Dynasty is the jurisdiction system of the land right era, and when entering the sea power era, the function of the Taiwan Strait is very limited.
【學位授予單位】：華中師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K249

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本文編號：2159420