本文選題：宋代 + 正規(guī)軍　； 參考：《陜西師范大學》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 軍事訓練作為提高軍隊戰(zhàn)斗力的重要途徑,歷來深受重視。宋代由于軍事力量相對較弱,因此其軍事訓練也經(jīng)常以“教閱不精”等語言形容。作為一個龐大帝國,其軍事訓練是否就一無是處?這一點恐怕很值得商榷。目前學術界對宋代軍事訓練的研究相對缺乏全面深入探討,一般來說都是貶多褒少,因而對于宋代軍事訓練的開展情況與訓練內(nèi)容需要進行全面認識。筆者在前人研究的基礎上,擬對宋代正規(guī)軍軍事訓練進行探討。 第一章首先對宋代之前軍事訓練發(fā)展狀況進行簡介。軍事訓練從史前起源,至夏商西周時期初步形成以“剱狩”為主要內(nèi)容的訓練體系,春秋戰(zhàn)國之后,隨著社會進步、戰(zhàn)爭形式的變化,舊有軍事訓練已經(jīng)不能適應新時代戰(zhàn)爭的要求,經(jīng)過當時眾多兵家的共同努力,中國古代冷兵器時代軍事訓練理論體系初步建立,其影響長達數(shù)千年。 第二章對宋代軍事訓練發(fā)展脈絡及各時期的特征進行初步研究。宋初軍事訓練主要承襲中唐五代以來訓練規(guī)制,前代尚武遺風猶在,一批經(jīng)過五代亂世的優(yōu)秀將領仍在軍事領域發(fā)揮重要作用,加上宋太祖即為武人出身,此時期軍事訓練開展比較理想,宋軍對外作戰(zhàn)也相當輝煌。宋太宗之后隨著“崇文抑武”國策的逐步推行,武將地位下降,素質(zhì)也難以保證。盡管中央政府依然很重視軍事訓練,但由于在組訓者一環(huán)出現(xiàn)較大問題,軍事訓練在具體實施過程中,已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)下滑趨勢。加上宋真宗時期宋遼澶淵之盟簽訂,軍事訓練漸漸被忽視,直至宋仁宗年間在宋夏戰(zhàn)爭中暴露無遺。經(jīng)過了戰(zhàn)爭的慘痛教訓,宋政府對軍事訓練進行了一系列改良,并對宋初以來相對合理的訓練方法繼續(xù)加以重視,加強法令、增加賞賜,改變不適合時代的訓練措施。一系列訓練措施使宋軍戰(zhàn)斗素質(zhì)發(fā)生很大變化。 宋神宗時期的整軍活動以提高軍隊素質(zhì)作為主要目標,軍事訓練作為重點突破口,不斷對訓練措施加以改良,推行“將兵法”等新政策。而訓練內(nèi)容則由于技術方面制約,從宋初至今并沒有根本變化,只是更趨合理。宋神宗當政時軍事訓練的效果相當明顯,宋軍在數(shù)次對外作戰(zhàn)的表現(xiàn)也比較出色。北宋末年宋徽宗集團的腐朽統(tǒng)治不可避免影響到軍事訓練,內(nèi)地禁軍訓練幾乎陷于停頓。西北地區(qū)由于對西夏作戰(zhàn)需要,訓練比較正常,軍隊素質(zhì)相對較高,這部分軍隊也構成了北宋末、南宋初中央政府主要軍事力量。 南宋初年軍事訓練主要由各大將獨立完成,經(jīng)過戰(zhàn)火洗禮,南宋優(yōu)秀將領總結出許多因地制宜訓練方法,而實戰(zhàn)中的經(jīng)驗更是軍事訓練最難得經(jīng)驗。在內(nèi)容上,南宋軍事訓練承襲北宋在軍事訓練中的側(cè)重點,并以實際戰(zhàn)爭需要靈活改變。宋孝宗整頓武備的雄心對軍事訓練來說非常必要,靈活的訓練措施,嚴格法紀,使南宋軍隊在宋孝宗的激勵下訓練情況相當不錯,可惜沒有經(jīng)過實戰(zhàn)檢驗。南宋后期的軍事訓練大概能夠沿原有軌跡發(fā)展,因為連續(xù)不斷戰(zhàn)爭迫使政府必須重視軍訓,而此時南宋軍隊中裝備不少火器,這是一種能夠引起軍事訓練革命的武器裝備。此外南宋緣地定勢,水軍比較發(fā)達,水軍訓練也廣受重視。 第三章將對宋代步兵訓練內(nèi)容進行探討。步兵在宋代軍隊中占有主體地位,以弓弩訓練為重點,既有力量、又有準確性訓練。而弓弩之外的其他兵器訓練也依作用不同,訓練力度均有不同。步兵隊形訓練歷來很受重視,經(jīng)過對旗鼓金等信號的熟悉,士兵才能在戰(zhàn)場上做到整齊劃一,保證隊形嚴密,發(fā)揮集團作戰(zhàn)優(yōu)勢。 第四章將對宋代騎兵訓練進行論述。宋代由于種種原因,騎兵建設一直不甚理想,騎兵所占比例較少,但是騎兵訓練的內(nèi)容依舊很豐富。十分注重騎兵的馬上技術訓練,各種武器的應用規(guī)制也很嚴格。但是宋代騎兵沒有形成集團優(yōu)勢,戰(zhàn)術地位主要是從屬步兵之下,其戰(zhàn)術訓練也與步兵相差不大。 第五章主要介紹宋代水軍訓練。兩宋尤其是南宋水軍相當發(fā)達,當時水軍訓練內(nèi)容依舊以冷兵器為主,弓弩遠距離攻擊,槍刀近戰(zhàn)。所練各種陣法也主要是陸軍陣法的改進,但是水軍在南宋晚期出現(xiàn)了部分火器,對此訓練也相應作出改變。 第六章探討宋代協(xié)同作戰(zhàn)訓練。協(xié)同作戰(zhàn)訓練就是保證軍隊能在戰(zhàn)斗中各兵種協(xié)同作戰(zhàn),發(fā)揮集團優(yōu)勢,取得勝利。兩宋對此進行過相當多的研究,最終形成了“以步制騎”的訓練特色。 第七章將對宋代軍事訓練的特點以及不足進行論述。宋代軍事訓練基于宋代的政治、經(jīng)濟、軍事技術和戰(zhàn)略目的,形成了三個鮮明特點,在當時為保障國家安全產(chǎn)生了不錯效果。但是宋弊端也同樣突出,存在種種問題,很值得后世加以借鑒。
[Abstract]:As an important way to improve the combat effectiveness of the army, military training has always been paid much attention. As a result of the relatively weak military force in the Song Dynasty, its military training is often described as "unrefined" and other languages. As a huge empire, is its military training worthless? This is a question to be discussed. At present, the academic circle of Song Daijun The research on the training of the matter is relatively lack of a comprehensive and thorough discussion. Generally speaking, it is degrading and commendatory, so it is necessary to fully understand the situation and training content of the military training in the Song Dynasty. On the basis of the previous research, the author intends to discuss the military training of the regular army in the Song Dynasty.
The first chapter introduces the development of military training before the Song Dynasty. From the origin of the history of military training to the Xia Shang Dynasty, the training system was formed primarily in the period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. After the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States, with the social progress and the change of the form of the war, the old military training was unable to adapt to the requirements of the new era war. With the joint efforts of many soldiers at that time, the theoretical system of military training in the ancient cold weapon era of China was initially established, and its influence lasted for thousands of years.
The second chapter carried out a preliminary study on the development of the military training in the Song Dynasty and the characteristics of each period. The military training in the early Song Dynasty mainly inherited the training regulation since the Five Dynasties of the middle Tang Dynasty. The previous generation of martial arts remains still in the military field. A batch of outstanding generals who have passed the five generation of chaos still play an important role in the military field, and the military training of the song Tai Zong, that is, is the military training of the samurai. It is quite ideal to carry out the military operations of the song army. After the gradual implementation of the national policy of "Chongwen restraining martial arts", the status of the military general has declined and the quality is difficult to guarantee. Although the central government still attaches great importance to the military training, the military training has appeared in the process of the implementation of the military training in the process of concrete implementation, although the central government still attaches great importance to the military training. With the signing of the alliance between Song Liao and Liao Dynasty in the Song Zhenzong period, the military training was gradually ignored until the period of the war in the song and Xia dynasties. After the painful lessons of the war, the Song government made a series of improvements to the military training, and continued to pay attention to the relatively reasonable training methods since the early Song Dynasty, strengthen the decrees and increase the law. A series of training measures have greatly changed the combat quality of song army.
The whole army activities in the period of Song Shenzong were the main goal to improve the quality of the army. Military training was the key breakthrough, the training measures were constantly improved and the "military law" was carried out. The training content has not changed radically from the beginning of the Song Dynasty to the present, but it is more reasonable. The military training of Song Shenzong's administration. The effect of the practice was quite obvious, and the performance of Song Jun was also outstanding in several foreign operations. The decadent rule of the Song Hui song group in the last year of the Northern Song Dynasty inevitably affected the military training. The training of the army in the mainland was almost stopped. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the main force of the central government in the Southern Song Dynasty was the main force.
The military training in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty was completed by the major general, and after the war of war, the outstanding generals of the Southern Song Dynasty summed up a lot of training methods for local conditions, and the experience in the actual combat was the most rare experience of military training. In content, the military training in the Southern Song Dynasty inherited the emphasis of the Northern Song in the military training, and changed it flexibly with the actual war. Song Xiaozong's ambition to rectify the armed forces was very necessary for military training, flexible training measures and strict law and discipline, so that the training of the Southern Song army under the encouragement of Song Xiaozong was quite good. Unfortunately, there was no actual test. The military training in the late Southern Song Dynasty could probably develop along the original track, because the continuous war forced the government to be obliged. The military training was attached to the military training. In the Southern Song Dynasty, many firearms were equipped, which was a weapon that could cause the revolution of military training. In addition, the Southern Song Dynasty was established, the water army was more developed, and the training of the water army was also paid much attention.
The third chapter will discuss the training content of the infantry in the Song Dynasty. The infantry occupies the main position in the Song Dynasty, focusing on the training of the bow and crossbow, with both strength and accuracy training. And the training of other weapons outside the bow and crossbow is different according to its function. The training of infantry formation has always been paid much attention to, after the signal of the flag and drum gold and so on. With the familiarity of the soldiers, the soldiers can be uniform on the battlefield to ensure a tight formation and give full play to the superiority of group operations.
The fourth chapter will discuss the cavalry training in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, because of various reasons, the cavalry construction was not ideal, the cavalry occupied a small proportion, but the content of the cavalry training was still very rich. The position is mainly subordinate to infantry, and its tactical training is not much different from that of infantry.
The fifth chapter mainly introduces the water army training in the Song Dynasty. The water army of the two song, especially the Southern Song Dynasty, is quite developed. At that time, the training content of the water army was still mainly cold weapons, the long distance attack of the bow and crossbow, the rifle knife near war. The various methods of practice were also the improvement of the army formation, but the water army produced some firearms in the late Southern Song Dynasty, and the training also changed accordingly.
The sixth chapter discusses the cooperative combat training in the Song Dynasty. Cooperative combat training is to ensure that the army can cooperate with each other in the battle, play the advantage of the group and win the victory. Two song has done a lot of research on this, and finally formed the training characteristic of "step by step".
The seventh chapter will discuss the characteristics and shortcomings of the military training in the Song Dynasty. The military training of the Song Dynasty, based on the political, economic, military technology and strategic objectives of the Song Dynasty, has formed three distinct characteristics and has produced a good effect for the security of the state at that time. However, the defects of the Song Dynasty are also outstanding, and there are various problems, which are worthy of reference to the later generations.
【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K244

【引證文獻】

相關博士學位論文 前1條

1 王軍營;北宋皇宮宿衛(wèi)禁軍諸問題研究[D];陜西師范大學;2012年

相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 夏亞飛;宋朝騎兵研究[D];河南大學;2013年

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本文編號：2010153