發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-22 10:41

  本文選題：蔭補(bǔ)官員 + 銓試��； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2006年碩士論文

【摘要】：在宋代的官僚隊(duì)伍中,以蔭補(bǔ)出身的官員人數(shù)為最多,宋初承襲五代蔭補(bǔ)舊制,文武官員五品以上都可蔭補(bǔ)子弟入仕。在宋真宗大中祥符八年(1015)頒布了宋代第一部蔭補(bǔ)法,法令以官員所任官職、差遣等來(lái)作為蔭補(bǔ)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),蔭補(bǔ)所授官職大大低于唐代,并且全都是從八品及其以下的武官。到仁宗時(shí),大量的蔭補(bǔ)官員入仕,形成了嚴(yán)重的冗官危機(jī),為解決這一問(wèn)題,北宋朝廷圍繞著蔭補(bǔ)官員的人數(shù)和蔭補(bǔ)的品階,對(duì)蔭補(bǔ)法進(jìn)行了修改,雖然改訂后的法令沒(méi)有實(shí)行,但對(duì)后世影響很大,最終在熙寧時(shí)基本完成了對(duì)蔭補(bǔ)法的修改,形成了固定的模式。 按照蔭補(bǔ)法的規(guī)定,無(wú)出身的蔭補(bǔ)官員必須經(jīng)過(guò)銓試和呈試,才能參加差注獲得差遣。這本是為提高蔭補(bǔ)官員的素質(zhì)而設(shè)定的。可是蔭補(bǔ)官員憑借其自身的勢(shì)力、關(guān)系往往能免試注官,即使是參加考試,也會(huì)用各種作弊手段蒙混過(guò)關(guān),很容易通過(guò)考試獲得出官機(jī)會(huì)。在出官上,他們作為無(wú)出身人按規(guī)定要受到限制,主要反映在除授差遣和敘遷兩個(gè)方面。在差遣方面,一般來(lái)講,蔭補(bǔ)官員不得擔(dān)任高級(jí)清要之職。比如,蔭補(bǔ)官員一般不能任臺(tái)諫、兩制、外交使節(jié)等職。在敘遷上,蔭補(bǔ)官員要比有出身的官員慢很多。他們可差注的差遣也主要是地方的監(jiān)當(dāng)官以及地方的各級(jí)統(tǒng)兵官等。 蔭補(bǔ)官員大量、長(zhǎng)期的在地方任職,對(duì)地方的政治有著十分消極的影響。主要表現(xiàn)在財(cái)政、兵政和官場(chǎng)風(fēng)氣三個(gè)方面。蔭補(bǔ)官員大量為監(jiān)當(dāng)官,縱容下屬吏人殘暴征稅、損公肥私、中飽私囊,嚴(yán)重阻礙了地方商業(yè)的發(fā)展。其次,以蔭補(bǔ)官員為主的武將群體,一旦帶兵到前方征戰(zhàn),便暴露出他們不知兵的弱點(diǎn),敗多勝少,只以刻剝軍士為能事,完全達(dá)不到保衛(wèi)地方安寧的任務(wù),甚至激化矛盾,造成兵變。另外,在地方官場(chǎng)中有許多高級(jí)官員的子弟,他們有較好的背景,可以通過(guò)各種關(guān)系來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)自身的升遷、改官,以便跳出“選海”,他們?cè)诠賵?chǎng)中散播的這種不良風(fēng)氣腐蝕了整個(gè)官僚隊(duì)伍。 與蔭補(bǔ)出身的官員相比,科舉出身的官員對(duì)地方政治的影響是積極的�？婆e出身的官員一般獲得親民差遣,他們?cè)诿裾矫嫠龅呐?如平反冤案,興修水利,開(kāi)墾良田,捕盜捉寇等,這些有助于減輕并彌補(bǔ)蔭補(bǔ)官員在財(cái)政、兵政上的消極影響。和蔭補(bǔ)出身的官員相比,進(jìn)納出身的官員則素質(zhì)更低,但他們卻很難有蔭補(bǔ)官員在官場(chǎng)中的背景與勢(shì)力。 歷代蔭補(bǔ)官員素質(zhì)普遍不高。不過(guò)比較而言,宋代蔭補(bǔ)官員所蔭補(bǔ)的品階是最低的,政治地位也不高,但對(duì)官僚隊(duì)伍的影響是最大的。
[Abstract]:Among the bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty, the number of officials who came from Yin-fu was the most. In the early Song Dynasty, the old system of Yin-fu was inherited by the five dynasties, and all the civil and military officials could serve as their children. In the Song Dynasty, the first shade supplement law was promulgated in the Song Dynasty. The official position and dispatch of the officials were regarded as the standard of the shading supplement. The official posts granted by the shading were much lower than those of the Tang Dynasty, and all of them were military attach 茅 s from the eight pings and below. By the time of Rinzong, a large number of shading officials had entered the office, resulting in a serious crisis of redundant officials. In order to solve this problem, the Northern Song Dynasty court revised the law of shading around the number of officials and the rank of shading. Although the revised law was not carried out, it had a great influence on the later generations, and finally completed the modification of the shadow supplement law in Xining, forming a fixed model. According to the shade supplement law, shading officials without birth must pass a civil examination and a trial before they can be sent out. It was designed to improve the quality of shading officials. However, by virtue of their own influence, Yin-Fu officials can often be exempted from the examination, even if they take the exam, they will muddle through with all kinds of cheating means, so they can easily get the chance to get out of the exam. In the official, they are restricted according to the regulations, mainly reflected in two aspects except the sending and relocating. In terms of dispatch, shading officials are generally not allowed to hold senior positions. For example, shading officials are generally not allowed to serve as remonstrants, two systems, and diplomatic envoys. When it comes to relocating, shading officials are much slower than those of birth. They can also be sent to the local warden and local officers at all levels of the army, and so on. A large number of shading officials, long-term local service, has a very negative impact on local politics. Mainly manifested in the financial, military and official atmosphere in three aspects. A large number of shadow officials as prison officials, connivance of subordinates cruel taxation, public gain, private wealth, seriously hindered the development of local business. Secondly, once they lead the army to the front of the army, the group of military generals, who are dominated by shading officials, will expose their weakness. They will not know how to win or win. They will only have to carve out non-commissioned officers as their ability, and they will not be able to achieve the task of safeguarding the peace of the region at all, and even intensify their contradictions. Cause mutiny. In addition, there are children of many senior officials in the local officialdom. They have relatively good backgrounds. They can achieve their own promotion through various relationships and change their officials so that they can jump out of the "election of the sea". The bad atmosphere they spread in the officialdom corroded the entire bureaucracy. Compared with officials of Yimu background, officials of imperial examination have a positive influence on local politics. Officials who came from imperial examinations were generally sent by the people. Their efforts in civil affairs, such as rehabilitating grievances, building water conservancy projects, opening up good fields, and catching bandits and bandits, helped to alleviate and make up for the government officials' finances. The negative influence of military politics. Compared with the officials of Yimu background, the officials who came into the university were less qualified, but it was very difficult for them to have the background and influence of the officials in the officialdom. The quality of shading officials is generally not high. But comparatively speaking, the government officials of the Song Dynasty had the lowest rank and low political status, but had the greatest influence on the bureaucracy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2006
【分類號(hào)】：K244

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 于潔;元代蔭敘研究三題[D];中央民族大學(xué);2011年

2 玉長(zhǎng)文;轉(zhuǎn)型期我國(guó)基層公務(wù)員激勵(lì)機(jī)制研究[D];廣西民族大學(xué);2007年

3 毛永娟;《宋人佚簡(jiǎn)》若干問(wèn)題研究[D];河北師范大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：1921734