本文選題：清代 + 民國�。� 參考：《南開大學》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：本文所研究的“呼和浩特”是指今天的呼和浩特市，以玉泉區(qū)、新城區(qū)、回民區(qū)、賽罕區(qū)四區(qū)為探討范疇，時間斷限是1632年至1937年。追溯歷史，清代的呼和浩特由相距五里的歸化城、綏遠城二城組成。歸化城源自明代中后期的蒙古土默特阿拉坦汗始建的庫庫和屯，綏遠城是乾隆四年（1739）竣工的駐防八旗滿城。民國時期，城市房地拓展，由歸化城和綏遠城基本連成一體的城市名稱變?yōu)闅w綏市。將歷史上的呼和浩特房地問題放置在城市空間里討論，清代和民國時期，房地發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了不同狀態(tài)。全文共分三個部分，九章內(nèi)容。敘述和分析了不同時期，不同狀態(tài)下，呼和浩特房地發(fā)展的內(nèi)容，特點，以探究這一演變的實質(zhì)和意義。 清代時期，歸化城房地有二層權屬。土地屬于國有，歸化城土默特部有占有權。房地掌握在以歸化城土默特上層為主的蒙古部落和清廷支持的召廟手中。隨著清政權的滲透，又出現(xiàn)了一部分官地。隨著內(nèi)地移民的涌入，房地產(chǎn)業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，蒙古部落和召廟房地是清廷以戶口地和香火地方式賜予蒙古土默特左右翼和召廟的，不允許蒙民交產(chǎn)，所以民間和召廟房地產(chǎn)業(yè)以租賃為主。租賃以約定俗成的契約方式進行，從契約來看，房地租賃許退不許奪，租戶在契約關系中掌控很大權力。盡管不允許蒙民交產(chǎn)，由于互有經(jīng)濟需求，中央對呼和浩特民間房地管理不完善，民間房地交易市場一直存在，形成一定規(guī)模的蒙民房地產(chǎn)業(yè)主。官房產(chǎn)業(yè)的出現(xiàn)主要是為彌補辦公經(jīng)費的不足，實行嚴格的四柱清冊上報理藩院制度，受中央宏觀調(diào)控。 清代乾隆四年修建的綏遠城，由清政府籌劃、派員、資金，全權修建。城堡及城內(nèi)所有設施均屬國有，綏遠城房地的規(guī)劃、規(guī)模、布局、質(zhì)量、維修，都由中央嚴格控制，地方政府委托進行。隨著政局調(diào)整，房地的變價售賣由以綏遠城將軍、歸化城副都統(tǒng)，以及管理綏遠城經(jīng)濟事務的綏遠城理事同知，或者綏遠城理事同知的上級機構山西撫政參與進行。不允許旗民交產(chǎn)，旗民交產(chǎn)在民間私自進行。綏遠城內(nèi)的房地產(chǎn)業(yè)主要是滿足城內(nèi)八旗及眷屬生活所需設置鋪房出租，房地租賃實行四柱清冊制度，上報戶部，由清政府嚴格管理。房地租銀作為綏遠城財政的一部分，用于綏遠城內(nèi)部開支。 清末，清政府實行新政，在蒙古地區(qū)實行墾務政策。針對已經(jīng)形成的歸化城、綏遠城房、地權屬的復雜情況，清中央和地方政府開始了對房地的清理整頓。清末實行的房地印花捐，以及綏遠城將軍貽谷進行的歸化城房地清理登記，頒發(fā)印照事宜，從法律上認可了歸化城蒙民交產(chǎn)，確認了房、地權屬分離。綏遠城房地經(jīng)過綏遠省官產(chǎn)清理處入手，制定官產(chǎn)清理二十二條，官房一律變價私有，完成綏遠城房地權屬國有向私有化轉(zhuǎn)移，確認了房、地權屬分離。在制度上，這些房地整頓清理工作使歸化城和綏遠城消除了界限，城市趨向一體化。 清至民國初年，歸化城房地移民化形成，綏遠城房地私有化。在這個過程中，，中央權力不斷以各種方式滲透，甚至直接主宰房地產(chǎn)業(yè)，地方政府則加大對房地的控制權力，強化國家認同。土著居民房地不斷收縮，移民房地占據(jù)主要地位，近代移民化城市形成。
[Abstract]:The "Hohhot" studied in this paper refers to today's Hohhot City, with Yuquan District, new urban area, Hui Min District and Saihan district four areas as the discussion category. The time limit is from 1632 to 1937. The history of Hohhot was traced, the Hohhot of the Qing Dynasty was composed of five miles of domestication city and two cities in Suiyuan city. The naturalization City originated from the late Ming Dynasty and the late Ming Dynasty, Mongolia TUMT. Ratanhan began to build a library and Tuen, Suiyuan city is the garrison in the four years (1739) of Qianlong (1739). During the period of the Republic of China, the urban housing development, the city name of the city and Suiyuan city was basically integrated into the city of suisui. The historical Hohhot housing problem was placed in the city space to discuss, the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period, the development of the real estate. The full text is divided into different states. The full text is divided into three parts and nine chapters. The contents and characteristics of the development of Hohhot real estate in different periods and different states are described and analyzed in order to explore the essence and significance of this evolution.
During the Qing Dynasty, there were two layers of ownership in the home of the naturalization city. The land belonged to the state, and the Ministry of domesticate had the right of possession. The real estate was held in the hands of the Mongolia tribe and the temple supported by the Qing court. The Mongolia tribe and the temple of the temple were given to the left and right wing and temple of Mongolia by the residence of Hukou and the place of fragrant fire, which did not allow the Mongolian people to give birth, so the folk and the temple estate industry was based on lease. The lease was carried out in a compact manner. From the contract, the lease of the real estate was not allowed to be retreated and the tenants were in control of the contractual relationship. In spite of the economic demand, the central government is not perfect in the management of private housing in Hohhot, and the private housing market has always existed to form a certain scale of real estate owners. The emergence of the official housing industry is mainly to make up for the shortage of office funds and implement a strict four column inventory to the vassal court. The system is regulated by the central government.
The city of Suiyuan, built in the four years of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, was planned by the Qing government, personnel, funds and full power. All the facilities in the castle and the city belong to the state. The planning, scale, layout, quality and maintenance of the house in Suiyuan city were strictly controlled by the central government and the local government commissioned it. With the adjustment of the political situation, the price of the real estate was sold by the general and Naturalization city of Suiyuan city. The vice capital, and Suiyuan City, which manages Suiyuan city's economic affairs, is the same as Suiyuan city of Suiyuan City, or the superior institution of the same knowledge of Suiyuan City, Shanxi caress the government. It does not allow the flag people to hand in the production, and the flag people pay the output in private. The real estate industry in Suiyuan city is mainly to meet the eight flags and the dependents of the city to set up the house rental and the rental of the real estate. The implementation of the four column inventory system was reported to the Ministry of Finance and strictly controlled by the Qing government. The rent of housing and land rent as part of Suiyuan city's finance is used for Suiyuan's internal expenses.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government implemented the new policy and carried out the policy of reclamation in the Mongolia area. In view of the complicated situation of the formed domestication City, Suiyuan city house and the land rights, the Qing Central and local governments began to clean and rectify the real estate. As a matter of law, the house was recognized by law, and the property rights were separated. In Suiyuan City, twenty-two articles were cleared through the cleaning office in Suiyuan Province, and the official houses were changed to private. The property rights of Suiyuan city were transferred from state-owned to privatization, and the house was separated. In the system, these houses were rectified. The clean-up work has removed the boundaries between Guihua city and Suiyuan City, and the city has been integrated.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the housing migration in the Guhua city was formed and the housing of Suiyuan city was privatized. In this process, the central power was constantly permeated by various ways, even directly dominated the real estate industry, the local government increased the control of the real estate and strengthened the national identity. Immigrant cities are formed.

【學位授予單位】：南開大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：F299.29;K249

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