本文選題：博學鴻儒　切入點：清初　出處：《華中師范大學》2004年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：博學鴻儒科，又稱己未詞科，是康熙十八年清政府為了籠絡山林隱逸和名儒碩彥而增開的一個特殊的制科，用以消弭士人與清廷的對抗情緒，達到穩(wěn)定統(tǒng)治的目的�？滴醯勖x上是崇儒右文、優(yōu)選博學淵通之士，實際上是為了網(wǎng)羅有影響的士人。己未科基本上達到了清廷的目的，同時，也聚集了一大批文詞卓越、博通經(jīng)史之士及理學、經(jīng)濟之才。他們會聚京城，纂修《明史》，經(jīng)筵日講，無異于一次學術盛會。鴻儒與其他學者一道，彼此交流、互相探討，有效地促進了學術發(fā)展。 明末清初，風云變幻，各種思潮諸如異端思想、實學運動、復古考據(jù)之風、經(jīng)世致用精神、民族主義、修正王學等不斷涌現(xiàn)，氣象萬千，思想學術進入了由理學向經(jīng)史考據(jù)之學的轉(zhuǎn)變過程。明清易代，明朝遺老顧炎武、黃宗羲等人倡導樸實的學風，開啟了清代的經(jīng)史之學。到乾嘉時期，經(jīng)史考據(jù)，風靡學界。從顧、黃等大師到乾嘉學者，中間幾十年的時間，經(jīng)歷了怎樣的學術轉(zhuǎn)換和承接過程?由誰來具體承接?本篇以為，以博學鴻儒為代表的一代學者，正是他們，順應學術思想發(fā)展的潮流，承上啟下，完成了由理學向經(jīng)學的轉(zhuǎn)換，由通經(jīng)致用之學向經(jīng)史考據(jù)之學的轉(zhuǎn)化。經(jīng)過他們的倡導和努力，學術發(fā)展的脈絡更加清晰，經(jīng)史考據(jù)之學逐步登堂入室。 本篇從三個大的方面來探討康熙時期的博學鴻儒及其與清初學術轉(zhuǎn)變的關系問題。 首先，通過考察博學鴻儒群體審視士人與清廷的關系，探尋促成學術轉(zhuǎn)變的外在因素。在明清易代的背景下，激于義憤的士人形成了呼喚傳統(tǒng)道德、不趨奉朝廷和流俗、重視讀書問學的士林風氣。康熙帝為了消弭士人對朝廷的對抗情緒，為了穩(wěn)定在全國的統(tǒng)治，調(diào)整了文化政策，于康熙十八年征召博學鴻儒。增開此科，康熙帝極盡籠絡之能事，百般優(yōu)遇應薦士人，基本達到目的。從此，士人處于朝廷的有效控制之下。在康熙帝與鴻儒的交涉中，他采用懷柔政策，恩威并用；在文化政策上，他接受漢族先進的文化，崇儒重道，掌控士人言論。并且，他還將宋明理學進行改造，加以利用，用來制掣士人，使之處于“失語”的狀態(tài)。因此，群英薈萃的鴻儒群體中，理學、經(jīng)濟、詞章、考據(jù)、德化無不具備，但他們在朝廷控制下，落英繽紛。最終只有經(jīng)史博學之士，得以材盡其用，這充分顯示了朝廷在學術導向上的作用。鴻儒在朝廷的安排下，纂修《明史》，經(jīng)筵日講，在學術上作出了較大貢獻，對清朝文化政策產(chǎn)生了重要影響，也反映出朝廷對士人的思想控制趨向。 第二部分，通過對鴻儒代表的個案研究，論述其學術轉(zhuǎn)換的軌跡和所起作用。明末清初學術思潮，在多元發(fā)展中，凸顯了黜虛務實、崇尚經(jīng)學的主脈。在這種學術思想的大背景下，鴻儒一代學人在明清之際學術大師首倡下，積極倡導轉(zhuǎn)變學風，從事研經(jīng)讀史的務實學問。湯斌代表了鴻儒中的理學人士，他順應實學的形勢，主張調(diào)和朱、王，不辨門戶，為理學增添了實 馨 博士學位論文 DOCTORALDISSER毛價，ION 行、務實的內(nèi)容，注重躬行實踐;同時，他開始倡導讀經(jīng)，研究經(jīng)典、傳注，，促進了理學向經(jīng) 學方向的轉(zhuǎn)變。朱彝尊是受江南地區(qū)濃厚的學術氛圍熏染的學者，具有良好的古學功底，博學 多才。他倡導健實的學風，循著由小學入經(jīng)學的路徑，研經(jīng)，考史，成為與顧炎武、閻若球并 肩比踵的清初考據(jù)學的開啟者。他在金石學、目錄學等領域的建樹，為經(jīng)學的發(fā)展鋪平了道路。 潘來是顧炎武的及門弟子，一方面他沿著顧炎武所指引的經(jīng)學路徑研究金石、音韻，其編纂明 史的有關思想己蘊涵了考據(jù)學的特征;另一方面受江南地區(qū)實學運動的影響，他又努力去推動 歷算學、醫(yī)學等實學的研究工作。潘來成為清初學者中深入經(jīng)學領域的重要代表。毛奇齡是清 初典型的由理學向經(jīng)學轉(zhuǎn)化的縮影。他是理學營壘中的王學后人，將理學中的門戶之爭轉(zhuǎn)移到 了經(jīng)學領域。晚年，他以經(jīng)學為己任，促使明清之際博大恢弘的經(jīng)世致用之學向經(jīng)史之學轉(zhuǎn)變。 他對宋儒朱子的批判，揭開了考據(jù)學者批判理學的序幕。毛奇齡應該是鴻儒中對乾嘉學派影響 最大的學者。 第三部分，‘綜論博學鴻儒在清初學術中承上啟下的轉(zhuǎn)變作用。首先從鴻儒的“歸隱心態(tài)”、 康熙帝的文化政策兩方面分析促成清初學術轉(zhuǎn)變的外在因素。結合時代背景，分析鴻儒學人在 學術研究宗旨、研究內(nèi)容、治學態(tài)度、學術規(guī)范等方面對明清之際諸大師的繼承和轉(zhuǎn)變，其中 包括經(jīng)世致用、民族思潮潛移轉(zhuǎn)化的原因。接著，從尊宋抑漢的學術傾向、禮學的研究與踐履、 對宋明理學的批判三個方面，論述鴻儒學人在轉(zhuǎn)變中所起的作用，側(cè)重其對乾嘉學者的影響。 結語部分論述了鴻儒學人在清學史上的地位和貢獻，指出他們是介于明清之際嘗術大師和乾嘉 學者之間的一竹學人，其對學術轉(zhuǎn)變的學術作用不容忽視，其學術貢獻也頗有價值。 關鍵詞:博學鴻儒清初學術轉(zhuǎn)換士人康熙
[Abstract]:Erudite examination, also called special examinations of 1679, Kangxi is eighteen years of the Qing government in order to win over the Mingru and recluse michihiko increased number of a special system, to eliminate the antagonism with the Qing Dynasty scholar, stabilize the purpose of the rule of emperor Kangxi. The name is the optimal selection of erudite Confucian worship, Yuan Tong who is actually in order to recruit influential scholars. Science has basically reached the goal, at the same time, also gathered a large number of literary excellence, scholar and Broadcom through the history of science, Jingjizhicai. They gather in Beijing, compiling < > Ming, Jingyan daystresses, is tantamount to an academic event. Ru and other scholars together, communicate with each other, mutual study, effectively promoted the academic development.
The late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, various thoughts such as heresy amidst the winds of change, and the pragmatic movement, retro textual style, spirit of statecraft, nationalism, Wang correction are emerging, majestic and grand entered by the academic thoughts, science and shift to textual criticism. The Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Ming Dynasty Wang Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, et al. Advocating simple style in the Qing Dynasty, opened the classics. To the period of Qianlong, through textual research, popular in academia. From Gu, Huang and other masters to scholars, several decades of time, the academic experience how to transform and undertake the process? Who is to undertake specific? This article thinks, to the learned scholars as the representative of a generation scholars, it is they, conform to the trend of the development of academic thought, nexus, completed by the science to classics, from the classics into use learn to history textual research. Through advocacy and their efforts, academic development Clear history of textual criticism step up.
This article discusses the relationship between the Kangxi period from three aspects of the learned scholars and its transformation and early Qing academic.
First, look at the relationship between the intellectuals and the Qing learned scholars through the study groups, to explore the external factors contributed to academic change. In the background of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, scholars formed excited indignation at the call of the traditional morality, not fawn on the court and vulgar, attention to reading and learning. At that time the emperor Kangxi in order to eliminate the scholar of the court the emotional confrontation, in order to stabilize the rule, adjust the cultural policy in the eighteen years of Kangxi called the learned scholars. To open this branch, as the emperor Kangxi can win, a variety of preferential treatment should be recommended scholars, basically achieve the purpose. From then on, the scholar in the court under effective control. In the negotiations of emperor Kangxi and the Ru and he adopted the policy of appeasement, in cultural policy, apply the carrot and stick judiciously; he accepted the advanced Han culture, advocating Confucianism, the control of speech. And he will also Neo Confucianism transformation, to use, to guard the, So in the "Aphasia" of the state. Therefore, the west of the scholar group, science, economy, literature, textual research, Dehua has all, but they are in the government under the control of Fallen petals lie in profusion., ultimately only as a learned scholar, to make the best use of materials, which fully shows the government plays a leading role in learning. In the court. Hongru arrangement, compiling < > Ming, Jingyan daystresses, academic made a greater contribution, has an important influence on the cultural policy, but also reflects the trend of scholars thought control.
The second part, based on the case study on the representative scholar, academic transformation trajectory and the role played by the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. The academic trend, in the diversified development, highlights to pragmatic, advocate the main vein of science. In the background of the academic thought, Hongru a generation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties academic the master initiated, actively promote the transformation of the style of study, research in the down-to-earth learning. Tang Bin represents the people of science scholar, he complied with the real situation, Zhu Wang, advocates harmony, as science does not distinguish the portal, add.
Xin
PhD thesis
DOCTORALDISSER gross price, ION
For practical content, at the same time, he began to practise personally what one preaches; advocate reading, study the classics, annotations, promote science to the
瀛︽柟鍚戠殑杞彉.鏈卞綕灝婃槸鍙楁睙鍗楀湴鍖烘祿鍘氱殑瀛︽湳姘涘洿鐔忔煋鐨勫鑰

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