本文關(guān)鍵詞：明清婦女貞節(jié)觀探析，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

明清婦女貞節(jié)觀探析

明清婦女貞節(jié)觀探析

自從人類進(jìn)入文明時(shí)代以來,貞節(jié)觀念便伴隨人類生活的左右。然而,如同歷史演進(jìn)的多姿多彩一樣,貞節(jié)觀念的變化也是飽經(jīng)風(fēng)霜,處于不斷演變的過程之中的。在中國歷史中,貞節(jié)觀念的初始階段并不只針對于女性,而相反一定層面是對男性權(quán)勢階層的限制。那么,為什么隨著歲月的變遷,貞節(jié)觀尤其是到明清時(shí)期,卻逐漸演化成只針對女性的極端要求呢?這中間是一個(gè)怎樣的歷程?明清貞節(jié)觀對女性的極端要求具有哪些特點(diǎn),理由在哪里?明清貞節(jié)觀強(qiáng)化有哪些影響?而明清士大夫內(nèi)部又有怎樣的爭論?本文從貞節(jié)兩字入手,對貞節(jié)觀念在中國歷史上的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)進(jìn)行梳理,進(jìn)而對明清貞節(jié)觀的極端強(qiáng)化做出相關(guān)研究,并希望能最終對當(dāng)代建設(shè)社會(huì)主義新型貞節(jié)觀做出有意 義的貢獻(xiàn)。在中國傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)中,婦女貞節(jié)觀念隨著時(shí)間的推進(jìn)而不斷演變,在意識形態(tài)領(lǐng)域逐步趨向片面化、狹義化,在空間數(shù)量方面卻變得全面化、多樣化。尤其到明清時(shí)期,婦女貞節(jié)觀念發(fā)展到了宗教化的地步,貞節(jié)觀念跟以往相比發(fā)生了重大的變化:貞節(jié)觀念不僅指道德品性的良好而且更主要的是指生理上的不失身;婦女守節(jié)人數(shù)增加;守節(jié)方式多樣化且民族范圍和地域范圍進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大;守節(jié)的出于道德是非觀念的必定選擇。總之,在明清兩朝五百多年間,婦女的貞節(jié)觀念始終處于一種不斷強(qiáng)化的狀態(tài)。而這種極端強(qiáng)化的因子又來源于各個(gè)層面。首先是統(tǒng)治階級出于政府統(tǒng)治利益的需要不斷強(qiáng)化貞節(jié)觀念;其次是宗法家族為了自身的利益,從教育、表彰、懲罰等措施方面加強(qiáng)了對婦女貞節(jié)的管理;同時(shí),道德教育上,明清時(shí)期崇尚理學(xué)“餓死事小失節(jié)事大”的理念,并在女教的宣講下對婦女貞節(jié)觀念進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng);再者社會(huì)節(jié)烈風(fēng)氣盛行、貞節(jié)堂的出現(xiàn)以及婦女自身對貞節(jié)觀念的認(rèn)同都極大的推動(dòng)了此一時(shí)期節(jié)烈思想的盛行。值得注意的是,明清時(shí)期在婦女貞節(jié)觀念不斷強(qiáng)化的同時(shí),士大夫階層卻并不死板一塊,針對守節(jié)和反對守節(jié)的爭論此起彼伏,并相應(yīng)地反映到文學(xué)作品的領(lǐng)域。對明清文學(xué)作品的探討,不失為從一個(gè)側(cè)面來了解此時(shí)期貞節(jié)觀念的一種途徑。當(dāng)然,所謂的爭論只是主流意識形態(tài)中的小小暗涌,不能影響明清婦女貞節(jié)觀念強(qiáng)化的總體趨勢。明清時(shí)期貞節(jié)觀念的強(qiáng)化對當(dāng)時(shí)婦女的生產(chǎn)、生活,無論是從積極方面還是消極方面來說都產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。積極方面表現(xiàn)在:保護(hù)了不愿改嫁的婦女、推動(dòng)了女性文化的發(fā)展、抑制淫亂之風(fēng);消極方面表現(xiàn)在:造成婦女生活條件的惡劣、家庭地位低下、精神痛苦、性壓抑,禁錮了女性的創(chuàng)造力,影響了后世婦女的觀念和社會(huì)地位。與此同時(shí),我們還應(yīng)該看到,明清時(shí)期婦女的貞節(jié)觀念還影響著今時(shí)今日的人們。明清時(shí)期的貞節(jié)觀念與社會(huì)主義的貞節(jié)觀念既有相同的地方更有著很大的區(qū)別。因此,研究明清時(shí)期婦女的貞節(jié)觀念在今天來講仍然具有極大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意 義。

【Abstract】 The idea of chastity has been part of human society since the civilization. However, just as history progresses, such ideas have undergone through constant changes. In Chinese history, at the beginning, the idea of chastity was not specific to the female, but on the contrary, it laid limit to the privileged class of males to some extent. Then, with the evolution of history, why did the idea of chastity change into such an extreme that it was specific to the female, especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties? How did it evolve? What were the features of the extreme demand of chastity from women during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and what were the reasons? How did the reinforced idea of chastity of that period influence the society? More over, what did the scholar-officials of that period argue about that issue? Starting from the chastity, this thesis traces the changes that the chastity idea has undergone, and then examines the extreme reinforcement of such idea during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it is also expected that this thesis may contribute to the formation of socialist new chastity idea in the modern time.In traditional Chinese society, the chastity idea for the female has changes along the time, which displays the features of one-sidedness, narrowness in the ideology, but shows comprehensiveness and diversity in space and quantity. Especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the chastity idea for women even evolved into a religion, which had changed fundamentally from before: the chastity not only referred to the goodness of morality but also the physical virgin, the number of women who preserved chastity after the death of their husbands increased, and the related approaches diversified and extended in nationality and scope, and such a choice was the natural result of the mores. In conclusion, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, which lasted more than 500 years, the chastity idea for women had been constantly reinforced.The forces behind this extreme reinforcement come from all levels. First of all, the ruling class continuously intensified the chastity idea for the sake of the interest of government; secondly, patriarchal family strengthened the control over the chastity idea by means of education, award, punishment, and other ways so as to protect its own benefits; at the same time, as regards morality teaching, the Ming and Qing dynasties upheld the Neo-Confucianism, which emphasized the notion that "Virgin is a much more significant matter than foods" and further stressed the teaching of chastity idea for the women; another fact is that the prevalent idea of chastity was strengthened by the popularity of sacrifice for chastity and the appearance of Chastity Halls.A point worth noting is that, while the idea of chastity for women was constantly reinforced during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the scholar-officials did not entirely advocate such idea and had debated a lot about the chastity and anti-chastity, which were reflected in literature. Therefore, it is also another good approach to understanding the chastity idea of that period through the literary works. Yet, the so-called debate is just an invisible wave of the dominant ideology, and shall not influence the main trend of reinforcement of the idea of chastity for women.The reinforcement of the idea of chastity had exerted great impact on the productivity and life, both from the positive aspect and the negative. The positive aspect is reflected as: the women who did now want to remarry were protected, the female culture was promoted and the promiscuity was curbed; while the negative aspect is that: the living condition for women were worsened, the status for women in family was low, they were mentally tortured, their natural sex desire was repressed, and their creativity was constrained, all of which influenced the thoughts and social status of the female of following generations.At the same time, another point shall be noted that the idea of chastity for women still influence the people at contemporary time. The chastity idea of the Qing and Ming dynasties shares many similarities with the socialist idea and nevertheless differs a lot. Therefore, the research into the chastity idea of the Qing and Ming dynasties still has great realistic significance.

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：明清婦女貞節(jié)觀探析，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。