本文選題：對(duì)外援助 + 美國(guó)中亞政策�。� 參考：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：對(duì)外援助興起是戰(zhàn)后國(guó)際關(guān)系的重大變化,也是美國(guó)外交政策的重要改革。它能從多個(gè)方面維護(hù)和促進(jìn)美國(guó)的海外利益。冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,美國(guó)逐步介入中亞事務(wù)并最終成為能夠影響中亞事務(wù)的主要參與者之一。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,對(duì)外援助作為美國(guó)中亞政策的工具發(fā)揮了重要作用,但總的來(lái)說(shuō),其影響較為有限。本文圍繞美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助的動(dòng)機(jī)、美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助的規(guī)劃、美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助的實(shí)施、美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助的結(jié)構(gòu),以及美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助的影響等主題對(duì)冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國(guó)對(duì)中亞的援助政策做了較為全面的論述,并著重從援助競(jìng)爭(zhēng)角度分析了美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助政策效力有限的問(wèn)題。 論文首先從定義、種類、性質(zhì)等方面入手闡述了對(duì)外援助的基本內(nèi)涵,隨后對(duì)援助動(dòng)機(jī)、援助運(yùn)作、援助效力這三個(gè)對(duì)外援助研究的重點(diǎn)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了討論。試圖通過(guò)概括、比較學(xué)者們對(duì)這三個(gè)問(wèn)題的研究成果,一方面確定本文研究的主要問(wèn)題范疇,一方面建立本文分析論述所遵循的基本路徑。就援助動(dòng)機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō),主要存在于政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和人道主義領(lǐng)域的利己、利他動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)成了民族國(guó)家從事對(duì)外援助活動(dòng)的基本動(dòng)力；就援助運(yùn)作來(lái)說(shuō),援助激勵(lì)和援助懲罰是主權(quán)國(guó)家利用援助促進(jìn)國(guó)家利益的主要機(jī)制；就援助效力來(lái)說(shuō),援助效力評(píng)價(jià)是爭(zhēng)議頗多的問(wèn)題,援助政策效力的發(fā)揮要受體系、國(guó)家和次國(guó)家層次因素的影響。文章通過(guò)概括梳理對(duì)外援助的基本內(nèi)涵及有關(guān)理論要點(diǎn)構(gòu)筑起本文研究所依賴的概念共識(shí)。 冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國(guó)向中亞國(guó)家提供援助的動(dòng)機(jī)主要存在于政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)層次,同時(shí)還存在于人道主義層次。美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助的政治動(dòng)機(jī)主要包括推動(dòng)中亞的政治轉(zhuǎn)型、應(yīng)對(duì)來(lái)自中亞的安全挑戰(zhàn)、開(kāi)發(fā)中亞的戰(zhàn)略價(jià)值等方面；美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助的經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)機(jī)主要包括引導(dǎo)中亞建立自由市場(chǎng)體制、促進(jìn)中亞社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、在中亞追求現(xiàn)實(shí)的商業(yè)利益等方面；美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助的人道主義動(dòng)機(jī)主要包括緩解中亞的社會(huì)困境、生態(tài)環(huán)境災(zāi)害等方面。相比之下,政治經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的利益目標(biāo)是促使美國(guó)援助中亞國(guó)家的主要原因,人道主義動(dòng)機(jī)雖起作用但地位相對(duì)次要。它們共同組成了推動(dòng)美國(guó)向中亞國(guó)家提供援助的多元化動(dòng)機(jī)體系。 美國(guó)在多元?jiǎng)訖C(jī)的驅(qū)使下制定和實(shí)施了對(duì)中亞國(guó)家的援助政策。美國(guó)對(duì)中亞國(guó)家的援助框架主要由經(jīng)濟(jì)援助和軍事援助構(gòu)成,同時(shí)還包括少量其他援助。在美國(guó)規(guī)劃推行對(duì)中亞經(jīng)濟(jì)援助、軍事援助政策的過(guò)程中一直面臨著內(nèi)外部“援助競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”問(wèn)題。內(nèi)部的援助競(jìng)爭(zhēng)主要表現(xiàn)在執(zhí)行管理美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助的行政機(jī)構(gòu)之間,以及立法機(jī)構(gòu)與美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助執(zhí)行管理機(jī)構(gòu)之間；外部的援助競(jìng)爭(zhēng)主要表現(xiàn)在援助國(guó)美國(guó)和中亞受援國(guó)之間、援助國(guó)美國(guó)與其他援助主體之間。存在于四個(gè)層次的援助競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是塑造美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助政策的基本背景。冷戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助政策的制定實(shí)施都離不開(kāi)這四種援助競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的影響。美國(guó)對(duì)中亞經(jīng)濟(jì)援助和軍事援助作為外交政策工具支持美國(guó)介入中亞事務(wù),其援助的重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域、政策的變化調(diào)整等都很難能擺脫多層次援助競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局對(duì)它們的束縛。 冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后美國(guó)對(duì)中亞國(guó)家實(shí)施經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事援助的影響主要表現(xiàn)在政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度轉(zhuǎn)型、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、地區(qū)安全穩(wěn)定、地緣政治競(jìng)爭(zhēng),以及美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)收益等領(lǐng)域。從援助國(guó)受援國(guó)雙方互動(dòng)的角度看,美國(guó)對(duì)中亞援助不僅影響美國(guó)的國(guó)家利益,還影響中亞受援國(guó)的國(guó)家利益。當(dāng)然,不管對(duì)援助國(guó)美國(guó)還是對(duì)中亞受援國(guó)而言,援助影響均分為積極和消極兩種。由于美國(guó)與中亞受援國(guó)雙方在援助互動(dòng)中所處的權(quán)力地位不同,美國(guó)大多數(shù)時(shí)候占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位。因此,它比中亞受援國(guó)利用援助追求利益的能力要強(qiáng)。但是,在援助目標(biāo)之間的沖突性、援助部門之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性、供需訴求之間的差異性,以及多元援助之間的替代性等因素的共同制約下,援助工具在美國(guó)推進(jìn)中亞政策的過(guò)程中作用就較為有限。
[Abstract]:The rise of foreign aid is a major change in the post - war international relations and an important reform of the U.S . foreign policy . After the end of the Cold War , the United States has played an important role as a tool in Central Asia policy , but overall it has a limited impact . In this process , the United States has made a more comprehensive discussion about the US aid to Central Asia , the United States ' assistance to Central Asia , the United States ' assistance to Central Asia , and the United States ' assistance to Central Asia .

Firstly , this paper discusses the basic connotation of foreign aid from the aspects of definition , type and nature , and then discusses the key problems of aid motivation , aid operation and aid effectiveness .
In terms of aid operations , aid incentives and aid penalties are key mechanisms for sovereign States to use aid to promote national interests ;
In terms of aid effectiveness , aid effectiveness evaluation is a controversial issue . The effectiveness of aid policy is influenced by systemic , national and subnational factors .

The motives of the United States providing assistance to the Central Asian countries after the end of the cold war mainly exist in the political , economic and humanitarian levels . The United States ' political motives for the assistance of Central Asia mainly include the promotion of the political transition in Central Asia , the security challenges from Central Asia and the strategic value of the development of Central Asia ;
The United States economic motivation for Central Asia assistance mainly includes guiding the establishment of free market system in Central Asia , promoting the social and economic development of Central Asia , and pursuing realistic business interests in Central Asia ;
The United States ' humanitarian motives for Central Asia assistance include , inter alia , the alleviation of the social plight of Central Asia , environmental disasters , etc . In contrast , the interests of the political and economic sphere are the main reasons for the United States to assist the Central Asian States , although their role is relatively minor . Together they form a multi - motivation system that will facilitate the assistance provided by the United States to the Central Asian States .

The United States has developed and implemented aid policies for Central Asian countries under the drive of multiple motives . The United States ' assistance to the Central Asian countries is mainly composed of economic assistance and military assistance , with a small amount of other assistance . In the United States planning to implement the policy of economic assistance and military assistance in Central Asia , there has been a problem of internal " assistance competition " . Internal assistance competition is mainly reflected in the implementation of the United States administration of assistance to Central Asia , as well as between legislative bodies and the United States of the United States for Central Asia assistance ;
The external assistance competition is mainly between the United States of the donor countries and the recipient countries of Central Asia , between the United States of the donor country and other aid entities . The existence of aid competition in the four levels is the basic background of shaping the United States ' assistance policy towards Central Asia . The United States ' implementation of the Central Asia assistance policy in the aftermath of the cold war is inseparable from the impact of the four aid competition . The United States ' assistance to Central Asia ' s economic assistance and military assistance as a foreign policy tool supports the United States involvement in Central Asian affairs , the focus areas of its assistance , and changes in policies , etc . It is difficult to get rid of the constraints of the multi - level assistance competition pattern .

The impact of the United States on the implementation of economic and military assistance to Central Asian countries after the end of the cold war is mainly in the areas of political and economic system transformation , socio - economic development , regional security and stability , geopolitical competition , and U.S . economic benefits .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D871.2

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 周作宇;;國(guó)家語(yǔ)言戰(zhàn)略與高等教育國(guó)際化[J];中國(guó)高教研究;2013年06期

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 王靖懿;冷戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)對(duì)外軍事援助的變化及原因探析[D];南京大學(xué);2013年

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本文編號(hào)：1775865