本文關(guān)鍵詞： 晚清 山東 地方交涉 山東巡撫　出處：《中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：兩次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后，隨著一系列不平等條約的簽訂，以“華夷秩序”為特征的傳統(tǒng)對(duì)外交涉體制逐步為由西方列強(qiáng)所主導(dǎo)的近代“條約體系”所取代。在向近代國(guó)際關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)變的過程中，受傳統(tǒng)“夷夏”觀念束縛的清朝統(tǒng)治中樞仍舊奉行著“外交在外”的方針，竭力避免與外人發(fā)生直接的接觸，這就給了地方官員參與地方交涉事務(wù)提供了機(jī)會(huì)。 1861年煙臺(tái)開埠，西方勢(shì)力開始正式進(jìn)入山東境內(nèi)。為應(yīng)對(duì)日益頻繁的地方交涉事務(wù)，山東先后在煙臺(tái)及被列強(qiáng)強(qiáng)租的威海衛(wèi)、青島和自開商埠中設(shè)立了地方交涉機(jī)構(gòu)，并于1898年設(shè)立了山東歷史上第一個(gè)統(tǒng)管全省交涉的專職機(jī)構(gòu)－山東洋務(wù)局。本文首先簡(jiǎn)要介紹了鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前山東地方的對(duì)外交往，接著以時(shí)間為線索追述了晚清山東地方交涉機(jī)構(gòu)的沿革，制度須與人事相配合方能發(fā)揮作用，在論述地方交涉的制度更迭后，第三章對(duì)在地方交涉中處于核心地位的地方督撫進(jìn)行分析，從三個(gè)方面總結(jié)了地方督撫的交涉權(quán)限，并以19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初前后幾任山東巡撫截然不同的對(duì)外交涉表現(xiàn)為例，說明實(shí)行“首長(zhǎng)制”的地方交涉體系中督撫的對(duì)外態(tài)度對(duì)地方交涉所造成的影響。 第四部分主要探討山東地方交涉事務(wù)的處理流程及交涉對(duì)象，并借助具體案例進(jìn)行說明。地方交涉牽涉中外官民、領(lǐng)事等多方利益，必須遵循一定的交涉程序才能妥善辦理。隨著各項(xiàng)條約的簽訂及外人活動(dòng)的日漸深入，晚清山東地區(qū)對(duì)外交涉的程序逐步形成，本文結(jié)合實(shí)際情況將其分為常規(guī)交涉和特殊交涉兩部分。 第五部分對(duì)晚清山東地方對(duì)外交涉進(jìn)行總體分析。對(duì)晚清山東地方交涉的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，并闡明了晚清山東地方交涉的重要性。 總的來說，晚清時(shí)山東地方交涉基本上朝著專業(yè)化和近代化的方向發(fā)展，并對(duì)其他地區(qū)和省份的交涉事務(wù)起到了積極的影響和帶動(dòng)作用。地方交涉機(jī)構(gòu)逐步完善的過程，，也是清政府面對(duì)外力進(jìn)行改革的過程，雖然有權(quán)責(zé)不清、東撫權(quán)力過大、機(jī)構(gòu)松散諸多缺點(diǎn)，但地方交涉機(jī)構(gòu)和相關(guān)交涉官員為維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)和地方權(quán)益做出了一定貢獻(xiàn)，他們的努力是值得肯定的。
[Abstract]:After the two Opium Wars, with the signing of a series of unequal treaties, The traditional foreign negotiation system characterized by "the order of China and Yi" was gradually replaced by the modern "treaty system" dominated by western powers. The ruling center of Qing Dynasty, which was bound by the traditional idea of "Yi Xia", still pursued the policy of "diplomacy outside" and tried to avoid direct contact with outsiders, which provided the opportunity for local officials to participate in local affairs negotiations. In 1861, when Yantai was opened, Western forces began to formally enter the territory of Shandong. In order to deal with the increasingly frequent local bargaining affairs, Shandong successively set up local bargaining bodies in Yantai and Weihaiwei, which were rented by big powers, Qingdao and its own commercial ports. In 1898, Shandong Westernization Bureau, the first specialized organization in Shandong history, was set up to manage the negotiations of the whole province. Firstly, this paper briefly introduced the local foreign exchanges before the Opium War. Then, taking time as the clue, the paper recounts the evolution of Shandong local bargaining organization in the late Qing Dynasty, and the system must be coordinated with personnel in order to play a role. After discussing the change of the local negotiation system, The third chapter analyzes the central position of the local governor in the local negotiation, summarizes the negotiation authority of the local governor from three aspects, and takes the different representations of several Shandong governors before and after the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century as an example. This paper explains the influence of governor's foreign attitude on local negotiation in the local negotiation system of "head system". Part 4th mainly discusses the process and object of dealing with the local negotiation affairs in Shandong, and explains it with the help of specific cases. The local negotiation involves the interests of Chinese and foreign officials, consuls, etc. With the signing of various treaties and the deepening of the activities of outsiders, the procedure for dealing with foreign affairs in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty has gradually formed. Combined with the actual situation, this paper divides it into two parts: conventional negotiation and special negotiation. In the 5th part, the author makes a general analysis of the local foreign negotiations in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty, summarizes the characteristics of the local negotiations in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty, and clarifies the importance of the local negotiations in Shandong in the late Qing Dynasty. In general, in the late Qing Dynasty, Shandong's local negotiations basically developed towards specialization and modernization, and played a positive and driving role in the negotiation affairs of other regions and provinces. It was also a process for the Qing government to carry out reform in the face of external forces. Although the Qing government had unclear powers and responsibilities, the power of the east was too large and the organization was loose, but the local bargaining bodies and the relevant negotiation officials had made certain contributions to safeguarding national sovereignty and local rights and interests. Their efforts are commendable.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K252;D829

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