發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-02-15 07:22

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 沖之鳥礁 爭(zhēng)議 經(jīng)濟(jì)地位 戰(zhàn)略地位 應(yīng)對(duì)策略　出處：《上海師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：沖之鳥礁位于日本南部太平洋海域，北緯20°2532",東經(jīng)136°452"，距離東京南偏西約1740千米、沖繩東南約1100千米、關(guān)島西北約1200千米、同時(shí)距硫黃島約720千米、小笠原群島的父島約910千米、西距臺(tái)灣島約1600千米、南距帕勞約1000千米。沖之鳥礁地處日本公布的“四至點(diǎn)”中的最南端（最南端：沖之鳥島，隸屬東京都小笠原村，由兩塊露出海面高約1米的礁石組成的島嶼，由日本政府直接管理，普通人難以到達(dá)。），臺(tái)灣島東南方向，是日本唯一位于北回歸線以南屬熱帶氣候的礁石。 日本通過(guò)各種方式對(duì)沖之鳥礁進(jìn)行人工加固，無(wú)論從實(shí)際上還是從立法上都極力肯定沖之鳥礁島嶼的地位，，以獲得200海里專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架延伸；而中國(guó)方面根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《公約》）的相關(guān)規(guī)定，有充分的理由認(rèn)為沖之鳥礁不是“島嶼”，擁有200海里專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架延伸是不合國(guó)際法規(guī)定的。近年來(lái)，無(wú)論是我國(guó)的官方言論還是眾多學(xué)者研究，從來(lái)都認(rèn)為沖之鳥礁是礁石，不能夠擁有專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架延伸。 日本此舉有深層次的考慮，一旦沖之鳥礁被認(rèn)定為“島嶼”，那么它將同“島嶼”一樣享有200海里的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，并以此為基點(diǎn)獲得大陸架延伸。據(jù)此計(jì)算，日本將獲得周邊43萬(wàn)平方千米的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)域，比日本38萬(wàn)平方千米的國(guó)土面積還要廣闊，并與本土、沖繩島、南鳥島等島嶼的排他經(jīng)濟(jì)水域連成一片，形成巨大的包圍整個(gè)日本國(guó)土的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，這其中蘊(yùn)含著豐富的海洋資源。在該海域內(nèi)，日本擁有其管轄權(quán)，還享有對(duì)建造和使用人工島及其設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu)的管轄權(quán)；對(duì)海洋科學(xué)研究的管轄權(quán)和對(duì)海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)與保全的管轄權(quán)。 除了經(jīng)濟(jì)利益之外，更重要的是沖之鳥礁的戰(zhàn)略地位。如果沖之鳥礁獲得專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架的延伸，將占據(jù)中間相當(dāng)大的一片海域。根據(jù)《公約》中沿海國(guó)對(duì)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)享有的權(quán)利，一旦這一海域成為日本專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，其他國(guó)家軍艦、飛機(jī)等經(jīng)過(guò)該區(qū)域時(shí)需向沿海國(guó)報(bào)告，且不得隨意出入，其行動(dòng)自由會(huì)受到極大限制；其次，其他國(guó)家也不能夠自由地在這一區(qū)域進(jìn)行海底勘探或海底資源開(kāi)發(fā)，即使進(jìn)行有關(guān)科學(xué)研究，也必須遵照《公約》中第248條的規(guī)定，需提前向日本相關(guān)部門提出申請(qǐng)，并提供相應(yīng)計(jì)劃、目標(biāo)、船名、噸位、所載裝備以及具體路線等資料，無(wú)疑會(huì)對(duì)其他國(guó)家的正當(dāng)利益造成損害。 因此，我國(guó)要采取相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對(duì)策略。本文從三個(gè)方面提出了建言：一、增強(qiáng)海洋實(shí)力，積極勘探?jīng)_之鳥礁周邊海域。二、依據(jù)“先例”原則使日本放棄不當(dāng)海洋權(quán)益。三、聯(lián)合周邊國(guó)家共同維護(hù)合法海洋權(quán)益。
[Abstract]:Located in the Pacific Ocean of southern Japan, latitude 20 擄2532 "north, longitude 136 擄452" east, it is about 1740 km west of Tokyo, 1100 km southeast of Okinawa, 1200 km northwest of Guam, 720 km from Tauhuang Island and 910 km from Ogasawara Islands. Located at the southernmost tip of the "four-point" announced by Japan (southernmost: chongzhiao Island, belonging to the Ogasawara village of Tokyo), it is about 1,600 kilometers west of Taiwan Island and about 1,000 kilometers to the south of Palau. The islands, consisting of two reefs about 1 meters above sea level, are administered directly by the Japanese government and difficult for ordinary people to reach. Southeast of Taiwan Island, Japan is the only reef in a tropical climate south of the Tropic of Cancer. In order to obtain the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone and the extension of continental shelf, Japan has made great efforts to affirm the status of the island of the bird reef in practice and in legislation by means of artificial reinforcement of the bird reef in various ways. The Chinese side, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter referred to as the Convention), There are good reasons to believe that the Rong Bird Reef is not an "island" and that having an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles and an extension of the continental shelf is not in accordance with international law. It has always been considered a reef to have an exclusive economic zone and an extension of the continental shelf. Japan's move is based on deep considerations that, once the reef is identified as an "island," it will enjoy an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles, along with the island, on which the extension of the continental shelf can be obtained. Japan will acquire an exclusive economic area of 430,000 square kilometers around it, which is larger than Japan's 380,000 square kilometers, and will be linked to the exclusive economic waters of the mainland, Okinawa, Nangao and other islands. Forming a huge exclusive economic zone surrounding the entire Japanese territory, which contains abundant marine resources. In this sea area, Japan has its jurisdiction, as well as jurisdiction over the construction and use of artificial islands and their facilities and structures; Jurisdiction over marine scientific research and over the protection and preservation of the marine environment. In addition to economic benefits, more important is the strategic position of the rocky reef. If the reef is extended to the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, Will occupy a considerable area in the middle. According to the rights of coastal States in the Convention over the exclusive economic zone, once the sea area becomes the exclusive economic zone of Japan, warships and aircraft of other countries are required to report to the coastal State when passing through the zone, And that their freedom of movement would be severely restricted; secondly, other States would not be free to carry out seabed exploration or exploitation of seabed resources in the area, even if the relevant scientific research were carried out, In accordance with the provisions of Article 248 of the Convention, it is also necessary to apply in advance to the relevant Japanese authorities and to provide information on the corresponding plans, objectives, names of ships, tonnage, equipment contained therein and specific routes, etc. There is no doubt that the legitimate interests of other countries will be jeopardized. Therefore, our country should adopt corresponding countermeasures. This paper puts forward some suggestions from three aspects: first, to strengthen the ocean strength and actively explore the sea area around the bird reef; second, to make Japan give up its improper maritime rights and interests according to the principle of "precedent"; third, to make Japan give up its improper maritime rights and interests according to the "precedent" principle. Unite with neighboring countries to jointly safeguard legal maritime rights and interests.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D823;D822.331.3

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