發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-18 14:59

【摘要】：1861年農(nóng)民改革不僅是各種利益和思想斗爭(zhēng)與妥協(xié)的結(jié)果,也是后來(lái)俄國(guó)其他改革的起點(diǎn)。這場(chǎng)改革具有多重意義,俄國(guó)精英往往根據(jù)自己的觀念對(duì)其作出不同的解讀,加之缺乏關(guān)于俄國(guó)農(nóng)村的客觀信息,因此俄國(guó)政府和社會(huì)都對(duì)農(nóng)民改革的方向缺乏明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。一些政府高官試圖改變1861年改革的某些原則,推動(dòng)農(nóng)民從村社土地所有制轉(zhuǎn)向農(nóng)戶土地所有制,但并沒(méi)有成功。19世紀(jì)70年代末80年代初,隨著俄國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)的出現(xiàn),俄國(guó)社會(huì)和政府對(duì)農(nóng)民問(wèn)題愈加重視。信息匱乏阻礙了俄國(guó)精英對(duì)農(nóng)民問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí),他們對(duì)農(nóng)民問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)并未明顯受到其政治信念的影響。俄國(guó)政府試圖降低農(nóng)民的稅費(fèi)并為此爆發(fā)了爭(zhēng)論,但最終阻止農(nóng)民土地流通的觀點(diǎn)占據(jù)了上風(fēng),社會(huì)最終承認(rèn)農(nóng)民土地是國(guó)家財(cái)產(chǎn)的變種。隨著國(guó)家調(diào)控經(jīng)濟(jì)的思想日漸盛行,俄國(guó)精英將加深農(nóng)民對(duì)土地的依附作為克服農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)的措施。
[Abstract]:The peasant reform in 1861 was not only the result of various interests and ideological struggles and compromises, but also the starting point of other later reforms in Russia. This reform has many meanings, Russian elite often according to their own ideas to make a different interpretation of it, coupled with the lack of objective information about the Russian countryside, so the Russian government and society are lack of clear understanding of the direction of peasant reform. Some senior government officials tried to change some of the principles of the 1861 reform and to push farmers from village community land ownership to peasant land ownership, but they did not succeed in the late 1870s and early 1980s, with the emergence of the Russian agricultural crisis. Russian society and government pay more attention to the problem of farmers. The lack of information hinders the Russian elite's understanding of the peasant problem, and their understanding of the peasant problem is not obviously influenced by their political beliefs. The Russian government tried to reduce the peasants' taxes and fees and the argument broke out, but the idea of stopping the peasants' land circulation finally prevailed, and the society finally recognized the farmer's land as a variant of the state property. With the increasing popularity of the idea of state regulation and control of the economy, the Russian elite took the deepening of farmers' dependence on land as a measure to overcome the agricultural crisis.
【作者單位】： 俄羅斯國(guó)立高等經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院(НИУ
【基金】：吉林大學(xué)研究生創(chuàng)新基金資助項(xiàng)目(450060523080)
【分類號(hào)】：K512.4

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