印象形成中的啟動效應(yīng)及其消除機制
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-28 16:23
【摘要】：印象形成是社會心理學(xué)的一個重要研究領(lǐng)域。20世紀(jì)70年代以來,受認(rèn)知心理學(xué)的影響,這一研究領(lǐng)域開始探討人的內(nèi)部心理加工過程。印象形成的啟動效應(yīng)研究就在這時興起并發(fā)展起來。印象形成的啟動效應(yīng)按其價值可分為積極啟動和消極啟動。經(jīng)過啟動的感受者會對目標(biāo)做出更傾向于啟動值的評價。 在以往研究中,研究者關(guān)注的重點是感受者在閱讀了目標(biāo)的行為句子是否會自發(fā)的推理其特質(zhì),以及啟動效應(yīng)對這個過程的影響。以往研究者使用的行為句子,都具有明顯的特質(zhì)傾向性,或者完全是中性。前者即使不看行為者,通過句子本身就可以推理出一個顯著特質(zhì),后者不能推理出特質(zhì)。因此前者具有明顯的自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理效應(yīng),而后者沒有。但實際上,很多行為具有模糊性,和不同行為者進行聯(lián)系時可能會推理出不同的特質(zhì),因此本研究在繼承前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,試圖探討一個模糊行為受到不同類別標(biāo)簽啟動后,是否會發(fā)生自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理。以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過適當(dāng)啟動的被試,必然會產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的結(jié)果,而最近研究表明,無意識思維狀態(tài)下會做出更優(yōu)的決策,通過該理論似乎可以消除啟動效應(yīng)的方法,因此本研究還將應(yīng)用無意識思維理論尋找啟動效應(yīng)的消除機制。 本研究共三個實驗：實驗一對類別標(biāo)簽進行閾下啟動,以考察啟動值與探測一致性對模糊行為感受性的影響,41名大學(xué)生參加了該實驗。實驗二在實驗一的基礎(chǔ)上進行改進,對類別標(biāo)簽進行閾上啟動。30名大學(xué)生參加了該實驗。在實驗三中,被試經(jīng)過啟動之后,在三種不同的思維模式對目標(biāo)進行評價,以考察無意識思維對啟動的消除作用。175名大學(xué)生參加了該實驗。 ,在以上三個實驗的基礎(chǔ)上,并結(jié)合已有的研究成果,本研究得出如下結(jié)論： 首先,對于目標(biāo)的模糊行為,感受者會受到類別標(biāo)簽啟動的影響,對于有積極意義的行為者,感受者會推理其具有積極的特質(zhì)；對于有消極意義的行為者,感受者會推理其具有消極的特質(zhì)。 其次,對于閾下啟動,效果不如閾上明顯,在閾上啟動的條件下,即使目標(biāo)的模糊行為,被試也會對目標(biāo)進行自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理,而在閾下啟動條件下,效果不明顯。 第三,若目標(biāo)是具有積極意義的個體,被試顯示出更強的自發(fā)特質(zhì)推理,意味著被試更愿意推理此類目標(biāo)所具有的特質(zhì)。而對有消極意義的個體,被試更傾向于采用回避的態(tài)度, 最后,出于一些原因,對被試進行的特質(zhì)啟動沒有影響到被試對目標(biāo)的模糊行為的評價,因此對于無意識思維能夠消除啟動的影響還缺乏有力的證據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Impression formation is an important research field in social psychology, which has been influenced by cognitive psychology since 1970s. The priming effect of impression formation arose and developed at this time. The priming effect of impression formation can be divided into positive priming and negative priming according to its value. The initiator rated the target more in favor of the priming value. In previous studies, the researchers have focused on whether the target's behavioral sentence will spontaneously infer its characteristics and how the priming effect affects the process. The behavioral sentences used by researchers in the past have obvious trait orientation, or are completely neutral. Even if the former does not look at the actor, the sentence itself can infer a remarkable trait, the latter can not infer the trait. So the former has obvious spontaneous trait inference effect, while the latter has not. However, in fact, many behaviors are fuzzy, and they may infer different characteristics when they relate to different actors. Therefore, based on previous studies, this study attempts to explore a fuzzy behavior initiated by different categories of labels. Whether spontaneous trait reasoning will occur. Previous studies have found that subjects who have been properly primed are bound to produce corresponding results, while recent studies have shown that unconscious thinking makes better decisions and seems to eliminate the priming effect through this theory. Therefore, this study will also apply the unconscious thinking theory to find the mechanism of eliminating the priming effect. In this study, there were three experiments: subliminal priming was performed on a pair of category labels to investigate the effects of the priming value and detection consistency on the sensitivity of fuzzy behavior. 41 college students participated in the experiment. The second experiment was improved on the basis of experiment 1. Thirty college students participated in the experiment. In experiment 3, after starting up, the target was evaluated in three different modes of thinking in order to investigate the elimination effect of unconscious thinking on priming. 175 college students participated in the experiment. On the basis of the above three experiments and combined with the existing research results, this study draws the following conclusions: firstly, for the fuzzy behavior of the target, the receptor will be affected by the activation of the category label. For positive actors, the perceiver will infer that they have positive characteristics; For negative actors, the perceivers infer that they have negative characteristics. Secondly, the effect of subthreshold priming is not as obvious as that of suprathreshold priming. Under the condition of suprathreshold priming, even the target's fuzzy behavior, the subjects will infer the target's spontaneous trait, but under the condition of subthreshold priming, the effect is not obvious. Third, if the target is a positive individual, the subjects show stronger spontaneous trait reasoning, which means that the subjects are more willing to infer the characteristics of such goals. For the negative individuals, the subjects were more inclined to adopt an evasive attitude. Finally, for some reasons, the trait priming did not affect the evaluation of the fuzzy behavior of the subjects. There is therefore no strong evidence that unconscious thinking can eliminate the effects of priming.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：C912.6
本文編號：2363498
[Abstract]:Impression formation is an important research field in social psychology, which has been influenced by cognitive psychology since 1970s. The priming effect of impression formation arose and developed at this time. The priming effect of impression formation can be divided into positive priming and negative priming according to its value. The initiator rated the target more in favor of the priming value. In previous studies, the researchers have focused on whether the target's behavioral sentence will spontaneously infer its characteristics and how the priming effect affects the process. The behavioral sentences used by researchers in the past have obvious trait orientation, or are completely neutral. Even if the former does not look at the actor, the sentence itself can infer a remarkable trait, the latter can not infer the trait. So the former has obvious spontaneous trait inference effect, while the latter has not. However, in fact, many behaviors are fuzzy, and they may infer different characteristics when they relate to different actors. Therefore, based on previous studies, this study attempts to explore a fuzzy behavior initiated by different categories of labels. Whether spontaneous trait reasoning will occur. Previous studies have found that subjects who have been properly primed are bound to produce corresponding results, while recent studies have shown that unconscious thinking makes better decisions and seems to eliminate the priming effect through this theory. Therefore, this study will also apply the unconscious thinking theory to find the mechanism of eliminating the priming effect. In this study, there were three experiments: subliminal priming was performed on a pair of category labels to investigate the effects of the priming value and detection consistency on the sensitivity of fuzzy behavior. 41 college students participated in the experiment. The second experiment was improved on the basis of experiment 1. Thirty college students participated in the experiment. In experiment 3, after starting up, the target was evaluated in three different modes of thinking in order to investigate the elimination effect of unconscious thinking on priming. 175 college students participated in the experiment. On the basis of the above three experiments and combined with the existing research results, this study draws the following conclusions: firstly, for the fuzzy behavior of the target, the receptor will be affected by the activation of the category label. For positive actors, the perceiver will infer that they have positive characteristics; For negative actors, the perceivers infer that they have negative characteristics. Secondly, the effect of subthreshold priming is not as obvious as that of suprathreshold priming. Under the condition of suprathreshold priming, even the target's fuzzy behavior, the subjects will infer the target's spontaneous trait, but under the condition of subthreshold priming, the effect is not obvious. Third, if the target is a positive individual, the subjects show stronger spontaneous trait reasoning, which means that the subjects are more willing to infer the characteristics of such goals. For the negative individuals, the subjects were more inclined to adopt an evasive attitude. Finally, for some reasons, the trait priming did not affect the evaluation of the fuzzy behavior of the subjects. There is therefore no strong evidence that unconscious thinking can eliminate the effects of priming.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：C912.6
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相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條
1 馬紅驪,方蕓秋;啟動效應(yīng)的研究及其理論[J];心理科學(xué);1992年05期
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 王成義;印象形成的啟動效應(yīng)研究[D];山東師范大學(xué);2000年
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