【摘要】：“這是好得不能再好的時代,這是壞得不能再壞的年代”,雖然我們與狄更斯生活的時代相距甚遠(yuǎn),但借用這句話同樣可以生動地來描述展現(xiàn)在我們面前的現(xiàn)代化畫面的矛盾性與糾結(jié)性,一方面改革開放、市場經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)造了前所未有的財富,人們在物質(zhì)欲望上得到了前所未有的滿足,另一方面,工業(yè)化、城市化、現(xiàn)代化、社會轉(zhuǎn)型、社會變遷凸顯出來的社會問題越來越損害這個社會的公平、正義,侵蝕人們的生活幸福感。解決社會問題,滿足社會需要,追求社會正義,促進(jìn)社會進(jìn)步,中國社會工作肩負(fù)著這一使命。在中國政府的主動推動下,中國社會工作以不同于西方國家的由民間發(fā)展起步的方式得以快速發(fā)展,成為中國解決社會問題、實現(xiàn)政府職能轉(zhuǎn)變、滿足人們?nèi)找嬖鲩L的文化生活需要的方式。從社會正義的角度來研究中國社會工作的發(fā)展不僅能深化社會工作及其倫理學(xué)的理論知識,在實踐上也有助于社會工作的健康發(fā)展、社會的和諧建構(gòu)。 社會工作源起于西方,是解決工業(yè)化、城市化、市場化帶來的社會問題的一種方式,至今已有一百多年的歷史。縱觀社會工作一百多年的歷史發(fā)展,它始終將社會正義作為自己的基本使命和價值目標(biāo),但在不同的歷史發(fā)展階段中,由于歷史文化背景與社會工作的具體目標(biāo)、任務(wù)不同,對社會工作正義的理解以及社會工作的正義追求對社會工作實務(wù)實踐的影響也有不同。社會工作正義是個抽象而復(fù)雜的概念,具有多元性和綜合性,為了將之變?yōu)槔碚撋峡删唧w化的概念,實踐上可操作化的實踐行為,我們依據(jù)社會工作的主體以及正義的不同價值取向?qū)⑸鐣ぷ髡x進(jìn)行了分解。社會工作主體是一個相互聯(lián)系、互動的系統(tǒng),主要由政府、社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)、社會工作者構(gòu)成,正義的內(nèi)涵中蘊(yùn)含有責(zé)任、公正、公平、關(guān)懷等等的不同的價值取向,由于社會工作主體在社會工作發(fā)展過程中各自需要努力的方向不同,各自承擔(dān)的任務(wù)、職責(zé)不同,因此它們也具有側(cè)重點與向度不同的正義追求。政府的公正維度,社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)的責(zé)任維度,社會工作者的關(guān)懷維度,他們共同構(gòu)成了社會工作的正義體系,又共同構(gòu)成了社會工作實踐協(xié)調(diào)一致的行動體系,它們是社會工作能夠安全運(yùn)行、健康發(fā)展、和諧進(jìn)步的重要保證。社會工作正義的三個維度在實踐中共同作用從兩個方面來實現(xiàn)社會工作正義,一是社會資源的合理分配,通過自由的物品再分配來達(dá)到社會平等,體現(xiàn)為分配正義,二是對受助群體的承認(rèn),承認(rèn)受助群體個體的尊嚴(yán),給予個體參與社會合作的機(jī)會,貢獻(xiàn)自己的力量,融入社會來達(dá)到社會正義的目標(biāo)。即就是,社會工作正義既體現(xiàn)為政府和社會為弱勢人群提供資源和服務(wù)以促進(jìn)社會穩(wěn)定的一種價值取向,又體現(xiàn)為公民社會對自由、平等價值的追求,將社會福利傳遞給弱勢群體的服務(wù)體系,更表現(xiàn)為社會工作專業(yè)人員和工作對象之間的一種投入理解的互動影響,目的是達(dá)到對服務(wù)對象的問題的深入理解并陪伴服務(wù)對象走出困境。 社會工作的主體之一是政府。中國社會工作的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展是中國政府體制改革和社會福利制度改革的一部分,具有鮮明的政府倡導(dǎo)、推動乃至建構(gòu)的特色。公正成為政府在社會工作發(fā)展中的正義訴求,體現(xiàn)著政府為維護(hù)社會正義所作出的努力和承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。自由、平等、秩序的基本理念,構(gòu)成了政府治理與社會工作正義緊密相聯(lián)的紐帶。社會工作的發(fā)展是政府的以人為本的治理理念的制度化、行動化的具體體現(xiàn),體現(xiàn)了政府尊重與實現(xiàn)公民權(quán)利,在經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)取得一定成效后對社會管理理念、方式、方法的改變,以及對人們的社會福利的增進(jìn)。新時期,和諧是中國政府追求的社會價值目標(biāo),而社會工作的目標(biāo)在于希望通過專業(yè)化的服務(wù)來滿足人們需求,增強(qiáng)人們能力,協(xié)調(diào)社會關(guān)系,關(guān)注弱勢群體利益,解決社會問題,共享社會發(fā)展成果,實現(xiàn)人與環(huán)境、人與人、人與社會的和諧,所以,和諧體現(xiàn)了社會工作價值追求與中國政府的治理目標(biāo)的內(nèi)在的契合。政府要實現(xiàn)社會工作的公正維度需要：(1)政府創(chuàng)新其社會管理體制和公共服務(wù)模式,轉(zhuǎn)變政府行政觀念,規(guī)范政府行為規(guī)則；(2)完善公正的社會保障制度,既要進(jìn)一步完善我國的社會保障制度以為社會工作的發(fā)展提供宏觀的制度保障,又要明確社會保障的價值基礎(chǔ)和價值理念是建立在公平的基礎(chǔ)上,而不能因為經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的優(yōu)先性而導(dǎo)致“效率優(yōu)先,兼顧公平”的公平被兼顧的命運(yùn)；(3)建構(gòu)社會工作制度體系,在中國社會工作發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中,制度的建立明顯落后于實踐的開展,所以,只有建立完善的社會工作制度體系才能保障社會工作發(fā)展的資源優(yōu)勢、權(quán)威性和可持續(xù)性；(4)培育民間社會工作機(jī)構(gòu),首先要為民間機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造良好的法律制度環(huán)境,其次完善民間社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)的登記管理制度,再次要加強(qiáng)民間社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)督管理,最后促進(jìn)民間社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)自身的能力發(fā)展。 專業(yè)社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)也是社會工作的重要主體。社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)是提供專業(yè)社會服務(wù)的職業(yè)組織,也是為多數(shù)的社會工作者提供就業(yè)崗位、工作機(jī)會、成長空間的從業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu),它是中國社會工作職業(yè)化的一個表現(xiàn)。中國社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)與公民社會的成長環(huán)境有密切關(guān)系。公民社會的平等、自由、民主、參與、人本、自我發(fā)展等價值觀,公民社會里出現(xiàn)的具有獨立自主性又有著共同利益追求的民間組織,以及公民社會能確保每個人的普遍權(quán)利和平等義務(wù)的完善的法律制度體系都為專業(yè)社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展準(zhǔn)備了價值前提,組織前提和制度前提。根據(jù)社會工作的使命與任務(wù),社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)對正義的追求最重要體現(xiàn)為對公共責(zé)任的承擔(dān)。社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)需要承擔(dān)一定的公共責(zé)任,這首先源于社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)的公益性質(zhì),其次是源于其倫理使命,社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)公共責(zé)任的缺失將會帶來極其嚴(yán)重的后果。社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)的公共責(zé)任包括：協(xié)助政府提供最優(yōu)化的公共社會服務(wù)；為社會提供多樣化的社會服務(wù),滿足各類群體的社會需求；還承擔(dān)著社會工作人才專業(yè)化、職業(yè)化的責(zé)任。社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)公共責(zé)任的實現(xiàn)是一個不斷追求和實現(xiàn)公益宗旨的過程。社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)公共責(zé)任的實現(xiàn)是一個系統(tǒng)工程,不僅涉及國家相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的完善,還有相關(guān)社會監(jiān)督機(jī)制的規(guī)范；不僅是一個以制度為保障的內(nèi)外部監(jiān)督完成的他律過程,更是一個由他律走向由倫理精神驅(qū)動的自律過程,我們需要建構(gòu)包括政府、社會、社會工作機(jī)構(gòu)自身在內(nèi)的多元共治的責(zé)任體系。 社會工作者是社會工作實踐的基本單元,社會工作者的正義訴求是關(guān)懷,這也是時刻讓人感受到人性溫暖的一個詞匯。社會工作者具有道德特征,因為社會工作者在社會工作實踐中不是價值中立的,而是一個強(qiáng)烈價值介入載體,他們雖然掌握專業(yè)的社會工作方法與技巧,然而也是極具人文情愫、飽含道德情感的道德實踐者,“服務(wù)對象最大的福祉”是社會工作者追求的服務(wù)效果。關(guān)懷是一種德性正義,因為關(guān)懷者拋棄抽象的和普遍的倫理原則,強(qiáng)調(diào)體驗和關(guān)心受助者的欲望、需要和情感,以仁慈與同情示人,強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)注關(guān)懷者和被關(guān)懷者的雙向互動與理解以及內(nèi)心的健康、人生的成長歷程,強(qiáng)調(diào)能力、品質(zhì)、德性對于運(yùn)用規(guī)則、落實政策、幫助別人、實現(xiàn)正義的至關(guān)重要性。然而,由于專業(yè)技術(shù)理性和市場經(jīng)濟(jì)理性的誘使,社會工作變?yōu)樯鐣こ虒W(xué)、社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式或管理模式,社會工作者容易丟棄追尋人文關(guān)懷、社會正義的本性,所以,在社會工作的發(fā)展中,需要強(qiáng)調(diào)社會工作的人文關(guān)懷,需要重塑社會工作者的關(guān)懷品質(zhì)。社會工作者的關(guān)懷體現(xiàn)在：從服務(wù)對象的角度而不是其他行政的或自己的主觀的目的出發(fā)提供服務(wù)；聯(lián)結(jié)服務(wù)對象與工作者之間積極的專業(yè)關(guān)系；在社會工作專業(yè)關(guān)系中投注積極的情感,而不是技術(shù)操作的官僚；將服務(wù)對象視為“社會人”,積極尋求其關(guān)系“網(wǎng)絡(luò)”——家庭、單位、社區(qū)、團(tuán)體等作為其工作介入點。關(guān)懷型社會工作者的培育,不僅需要社會方方面面的參與,而且需要個體的道德踐履和心理調(diào)適,其塑造途徑有：增強(qiáng)社會對社會工作的認(rèn)同,使“有問題找社工”成為一種生活方式；構(gòu)建人文視角的社會工作專業(yè)教育體系,培育出有生命力的社會工作者；投身生活世界,深化社會工作者的道德情感；重視自我照顧,保持“生命影響生命”的自身的生命能量。 本文以社會正義為立足點,適應(yīng)時代的變革和社會主義現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展的需要,采用唯物辯證法、歷史考察法、比較法,從社會工作主體的劃分角度對中國社會工作發(fā)展的正義追求進(jìn)行了較為深入而全面系統(tǒng)的理論探索,希望為中國社會工作的發(fā)展提供具有一定價值意義的思維理念和路徑。
[Abstract]:"This is an age that can never be better, this is an age that can never be worse." Although we are far away from the time Dickens lived, we can also use this phrase to vividly describe the contradictions and entanglement of the modernized picture before us. On the one hand, reform and opening up, market economy has created unprecedented wealth. Rich, people in the material desire has been unprecedented satisfaction, on the other hand, industrialization, urbanization, modernization, social transformation, social change highlighted social problems are increasingly damaging the fairness of this society, justice, erosion of people's well-being of life. With the initiative of the Chinese government, social work in China has developed rapidly in a way different from that of the western countries, starting from the non-governmental development. It has become a way for China to solve social problems, realize the transformation of government functions and meet the growing needs of people's cultural life. To study the development of social work in China from the perspective of righteousness can not only deepen the theoretical knowledge of social work and its ethics, but also contribute to the healthy development of social work and the harmonious construction of society in practice.
Social work, which originated in the West, is a way to solve the social problems brought about by industrialization, urbanization and marketization. It has a history of more than one hundred years. Social work justice is an abstract and complex concept with pluralism and comprehensiveness, in order to turn it into a theoretically concrete concept. In practice, we decompose social work justice according to the subject of social work and the different value orientations of justice. The subject of social work is a system of interrelation and interaction, mainly composed of the government, social work institutions and social workers. The different value orientation of caring and so on, because the social work main body in the social work development process each needs the diligent direction to be different, each undertakes the task, the duty is different, therefore they also have the emphasis and the dimension different justice pursue.The government just dimension, the social work organization responsibility dimension, the social worker's concern. They constitute the justice system of social work and the action system of social work practice. They are the important guarantee for the safe operation, healthy development and harmonious progress of social work. Justice is the rational distribution of social resources to achieve social equality through the redistribution of free goods, embodied in the distribution of justice, the recognition of the recipient groups, recognition of the dignity of the recipient groups, giving individuals the opportunity to participate in social cooperation, contributing their own strength, integration into society to achieve the goal of social justice. The justice of social work embodies not only a value orientation that the government and society provide resources and services for the vulnerable groups to promote social stability, but also the pursuit of freedom and equal value by civil society, and the service system that transfers social welfare to the vulnerable groups, and also a kind of investment between social work professionals and work objects. The purpose of understanding the interactive influence is to achieve a deep understanding of the problem of the service object and to accompany the service object out of the predicament.
The emergence and development of China's social work is a part of the reform of the Chinese government system and the social welfare system. It has a distinctive feature of government advocacy, promotion and even construction. Justice has become the just demand of the government in the development of social work, which reflects the government's efforts to safeguard social justice. The development of social work is the institutionalization of the government's people-oriented concept of governance and the concrete embodiment of action, which reflects the government's respect for and Realization of civil rights and achieves certain success in economic construction. In the new era, harmony is the goal of social value pursued by the Chinese government, and the goal of social work is to meet people's needs through professional services, enhance people's ability, coordinate social relations, pay attention to the interests of vulnerable groups, and solve problems. Resolve social problems, share the fruits of social development, and achieve harmony between people and the environment, between people and people, between people and society. Therefore, harmony reflects the intrinsic agreement between the pursuit of social work value and the governance objectives of the Chinese government. Changing the government's administrative concepts and standardizing the government's rules of conduct; (2) Perfecting the just social security system requires not only further perfecting the social security system in China to provide macro-system guarantee for the development of social work, but also making clear that the value basis and concept of social security are based on fairness, not on economic construction. The priority of setting up leads to the fate of "giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness"; (3) Constructing the social work system, in the process of the development of social work in China, the establishment of the system obviously lags behind the development of practice. Therefore, only by establishing a perfect social work system can we guarantee the excellent resources for the development of social work. The situation, authority and sustainability; (4) To cultivate civil society work institutions, first of all, we should create a good legal system environment for the development of civil society work institutions; second, we should improve the registration management system of civil society work institutions; third, we should strengthen the supervision and management of civil society work institutions; and finally, we should promote the development of the capacity of civil society work institutions themselves. Exhibition.
Professional social work institutions are also important subjects of social work. Social work institutions are professional organizations that provide professional social services. They also provide employment, job opportunities and growth space for most social workers. They are a manifestation of the professionalization of social work in China. The growth environment of civil society is closely related. The values of equality, freedom, democracy, participation, humanism and self-development of civil society, the emergence of civil organizations with independence and common interests in civil society, and the perfection of the legal system in which civil society can ensure the universal rights and equal obligations of everyone. According to the mission and task of social work, the pursuit of justice by social work institutions is most important embodied in the commitment to public responsibility. Social work institutions need to assume certain public responsibility, which originates first from the public of social work institutions. The public responsibilities of social work institutions include: helping the government to provide optimal public social services; providing diversified social services to meet the social needs of various groups; and undertaking the community. The realization of the public responsibility of social work institutions is a process of pursuing and realizing the public welfare purpose. The process of heteronomy, which is completed by internal and external supervision guaranteed by the system, is also a process of self-discipline driven by ethical spirit from heteronomy. We need to construct a responsibility system of pluralistic coexistence including government, society and social work organizations themselves.
Social workers are the basic unit of social work practice, and the just demands of social workers are caring, which is also a word that makes people feel the warmth of human nature at all times. However, mastering professional social work methods and skills is also a moral practitioner full of human feelings and moral feelings. The greatest welfare of the service object is the service effect that social workers pursue. Their desires, needs and emotions are shown with kindness and compassion, emphasizing the two-way interaction and understanding between the caregiver and the cared, the inner health, the course of life, and the vital importance of competence, quality, and virtue in applying rules, implementing policies, helping others, and achieving justice. Induced by field economic rationality, social work becomes social engineering, social medical model or management model. Social workers are apt to abandon the nature of pursuing humanistic care and social justice. Therefore, in the development of social work, we need to emphasize the humanistic care of social work and rebuild the care quality of social workers. Care is embodied in the following aspects: providing services from the perspective of the object of service rather than other administrative or subjective purposes; connecting the positive professional relationship between the object of service and the workers; investing positive emotions in the professional relationship of social work rather than technical bureaucracy; and treating the object of service as a "social person", and accumulating. The cultivation of caring social workers requires not only the participation of all aspects of society, but also the moral practice and psychological adjustment of individuals. The ways to cultivate caring social workers are as follows: to enhance social recognition of social work and to make them find social workers with problems. It should become a way of life, construct a professional education system of social work from the perspective of humanities, cultivate vigorous social workers, devote oneself to the world of life, deepen the moral feelings of social workers, attach importance to self-care, and maintain one's own life energy of "life affects life".
Based on social justice and adapting to the changes of the times and the needs of the development of socialist modernization, this paper makes a thorough and systematic theoretical exploration of the just pursuit of the development of social work in China from the perspective of the division of social work subjects by means of materialist dialectics, historical investigation and comparative method, hoping to serve as social workers in China. The development of the work will provide some valuable thinking ideas and paths.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：C916

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