【摘要】：長期以來,在獨(dú)生子女政策的影響下,我國的生育水平不斷降低,由此帶來的人口老齡化問題也日益嚴(yán)重。為了緩解這一人口問題,我國政府不斷調(diào)整生育政策,從2016年開始正式實(shí)施“全面放開二胎”政策。由于生育意愿是人們生育行為的超前變量,而生育行為又聚集為一個(gè)國家的生育水平。女性是生育行為的主要承擔(dān)者,我國女性又具有持續(xù)地高就業(yè)率。因此,在我國“全面放開二胎”政策背景下,研究職業(yè)女性的二胎生育意愿及其影響因素具有重要的理論和實(shí)踐意義。首先,本文運(yùn)用國家人口普查、抽樣調(diào)查的各種數(shù)據(jù)來闡述新中國成立以來我國生育率的變動趨勢和女性受教育程度、職業(yè)狀況、經(jīng)濟(jì)收入以及社會地位的變化軌跡,并分析它們之間的關(guān)系。研究結(jié)果表明女性受教育程度、職業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)收入以及社會地位的變化對我國生育率下降產(chǎn)生重要影響。其次,筆者通過實(shí)證調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),職業(yè)女性的二胎生育意愿強(qiáng)烈,大部分職業(yè)女性的理想子女?dāng)?shù)是兩個(gè),而且性別偏好不明顯。母親的質(zhì)量(包括收入水平、受教育程度和職業(yè)地位)對她們的二胎生育意愿有重要的影響。收入水平處于中等的職業(yè)女性平均生育意愿較高,而收入水平較低或者較高的女性生育意愿相對較低。受教育程度較低的職業(yè)女性,意愿生育的理想子女?dāng)?shù)量較多,生育二孩的可能性越大;而學(xué)歷較高的職業(yè)女性生育意愿較低且比較穩(wěn)定。女性所從事的職業(yè)類型、在職業(yè)中所處的地位以及對自身職業(yè)發(fā)展預(yù)期的不同也對其二胎生育意愿產(chǎn)生不同的影響。通常是女性的職業(yè)層級越高,二胎生育意愿越低。因此,從實(shí)證調(diào)查結(jié)果分析可以得出,職業(yè)女性中,母親的質(zhì)量越高,其二胎生育意愿越低。再次,筆者通過分析幾位典型調(diào)查對象的案例總結(jié)出影響職業(yè)女性二胎生育意愿的具體因素,包括經(jīng)濟(jì)成本、社會政策、社會文化等方面。最后,筆者對職業(yè)女性二胎生育意愿的實(shí)證結(jié)果和研究規(guī)律進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。
[Abstract]:For a long time, under the influence of the one-child policy, the fertility level of our country has been decreasing, and the aging of the population has become more and more serious. In order to alleviate this population problem, the Chinese government has constantly adjusted its fertility policy and officially implemented the policy of "fully liberalizing the second child" since 2016. Because fertility intention is the leading variable of people's reproductive behavior, and fertility behavior gathers to a country's fertility level. Women are the main bearers of reproductive behavior, and Chinese women have a sustained high employment rate. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the working women's desire to have a second child and its influencing factors under the background of our country's policy of "opening up the second child in an all-round way". First of all, this paper uses various data from national census and sample survey to explain the changing trend of fertility rate and the changing track of women's education, occupation, economic income and social status since the founding of New China. And analyze the relationship between them. The results show that the changes of women's education, occupation, economic income and social status have an important impact on the decline of fertility rate in China. Secondly, the author finds that professional women have a strong desire to have a second child, most of them have two ideal children, and their gender preference is not obvious. The quality of mothers (including income, education and professional status) has an important impact on their willingness to have a second child. The average fertility willingness of women with middle income level was higher than that of women with lower income level or higher income level. The number of ideal children who want to have children is more and the possibility of having a second child is higher for the vocational women with lower education level, while the professional women with higher educational background have lower and more stable desire to have children. The type of occupation women are engaged in, their position in the profession and their expectations for their career development also have different effects on their willingness to have a second child. Usually, the higher the professional level of women, the lower their willingness to have a second child. Therefore, the higher the mother's quality, the lower her desire to have a second child. Thirdly, through the analysis of several typical cases, the author summarizes the specific factors that affect the willingness of working women to have a second child, including economic costs, social policies, social and cultural aspects. Finally, the author summarizes the empirical results and research rules of the working women's desire to have a second child.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：C924.21

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