本文關(guān)鍵詞： 馬寅初 社會批判 社會整合 思想　出處：《重慶師范大學》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 生活在近代中國社會轉(zhuǎn)型時期的馬寅初為了實現(xiàn)中華民族的國富民強,殫精竭慮,艱苦奮斗。他和同時期的愛國人士們一樣,都圍繞著中國所面臨的“救亡與復興”兩大社會難題而提出各自的解決方案,都在試圖找出一條既能挽救國家危亡,又能實現(xiàn)國家富強的拯救方案。他有著多年的海外求學經(jīng)歷,同時他對中國的現(xiàn)實社會也進行了深入的調(diào)查研究。馬寅初是中華海外回來的第一位經(jīng)濟學家,他對中國社會的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生過重要的影響,他的國家建設(shè)思想對我國的現(xiàn)在和將來都有著一定的借鑒意義。他借鑒西方先進的經(jīng)濟學理論,結(jié)合中國社會現(xiàn)有的實際現(xiàn)狀,從多方面對中國社會進行改造,并在此基礎(chǔ)上逐漸形成了系統(tǒng)的社會整合思想。 馬寅初的“國富民強”思想,是在中國近代民族危機不斷加深,西方先進文化的影響下,中國先進知識份子和中國民族資產(chǎn)階級的多重熏陶下確立的。他對中外的社會進行了深入的考察,他系統(tǒng)的分析了近代中國為什么沒有進步的原因。他批判了中國政府的專制統(tǒng)治。同時,馬寅初批判了近代中國的經(jīng)濟政策。作為民族資產(chǎn)階級的代言人,在不斷引進西方經(jīng)濟思想下,他針對近代中國社會面臨的實際問題,系統(tǒng)的在貿(mào)易、稅收、金融等方向進行了社會批判。面對嚴重的民族危機和社會危機,馬寅初主張從經(jīng)濟、教育和人口等方面入手加以應(yīng)對。馬寅初的經(jīng)濟整合方面主要包括財政整頓、稅收改革、關(guān)稅保護以及中央銀行金融統(tǒng)制等內(nèi)容。他的財政整頓思想在一定程度上影響了政府的決策,尤其是關(guān)于預算的基本程序和相應(yīng)的主體結(jié)構(gòu),體現(xiàn)了他試圖把西方國家“三權(quán)分立”的政治學說,引入中國預算程序中。與此同時,他指出中國社會的進步需要有創(chuàng)設(shè)一個良好的人口環(huán)境。而實現(xiàn)人口整合目標也是中國當前的必由之路。因此必須打破愚昧落后的生育觀念,為我國實現(xiàn)人口整合創(chuàng)造有利條件。馬寅初不斷提醒國人,人口控制是一項長期、漸進的工程,它需要我們?nèi)鐣拿芮械呐浜?更依賴于社會全體成員的積極參與。通過實施計劃生育的手段來改善人口結(jié)構(gòu),以增加人的受教育機會和緩解經(jīng)濟改革的難度,以促進國家整合的速度。在教育方面,馬寅初采用學校教育和實踐教育等方式去凝聚社會力量,整合社會資源。他認為學校的振興是關(guān)乎國家由弱到強,由落后走向先進的重要條件。要想從根本改變國家落后的局面,就應(yīng)當重視學校的建設(shè)。如果國家不重視教育,那么人才就會出現(xiàn)匱乏,社會秩序就會出現(xiàn)混亂,國家的實力就會出現(xiàn)衰弱。再者學校對于一個人的成長也有著重大的影響,所以要大力興辦學校。他希望通過這些途徑能夠使國民具有一定的向心力,從而促使社會良性運行和協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,最終能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)國富民強的目標。 全文以社會學的理論與方法為框架,從歷史學、教育學、人口學、社會學和經(jīng)濟學等多方面入手,探究了馬寅初的社會批判思想和社會整合思想,再現(xiàn)了他以社會變遷為基礎(chǔ)、改造社會和重塑個體思維模式。因此,研究馬寅初的思想有助于我們了解近代中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展及現(xiàn)代化進程。他的社會整合思想也是中國國家建設(shè)中非常寶貴的財富,他為社會的良性發(fā)展提供了重要的參考,對當今社會的發(fā)展也具有一定的借鑒價值。
[Abstract]:Life in the modern period of social transformation Chinese Ma Yinchu in order to achieve the Chinese nation strong and hard work. He also leave no stone unturned, and patriotic period were the same, all around China facing the "salvation and revival of" two social problems and put forward their own solutions, are trying to figure out a way to save the country to achieve the prosperity of the country in peril, and rescue plan. He has many years of experience studying abroad, he at the same time, the reality of social China also conducted in-depth investigations and studies. Ma Yinchu is the first Chinese overseas returned economist, he China on social development has an important influence, his country construction thought have a certain significance to the present and the future of our country. He learn advanced western economic theory, combined with the actual situation of the existing social China, from the Chinese into many aspects of social On the basis of the transformation, the social integration thought of the system has been gradually formed.
Ma Yinchu "and" thought, is Chinese in modern national crisis deepened, the influence of western advanced culture under the influence of multiple Chinese advanced intellectuals and China national bourgeoisie established. He made an in-depth investigation on Chinese society, he systematically analyzes the reason why there is no progress in modern China he. Criticism of autocratic rule Chinese government. At the same time, Ma Yinchu criticized the modern economic policy Chinese. As a spokesman for the national bourgeoisie, the constant introduction of western economic thought, he aimed at the practical problems facing the modern social system in Chinese, trade, taxation, finance and other direction of social criticism in the face of serious national crisis. And the social crisis, Ma Yinchu advocated from the economic, education and population of coping. Ma Yinchu's economic integration include fiscal consolidation, tax Accept reform, tariff protection as well as the central bank's control over the finance. His fiscal consolidation thought influenced the government's decision to a certain extent, especially the basic process of the budget and the corresponding main structure, reflects his attempt to western countries "three powers" of the political theory, introducing the Chinese budget process. At the same time he pointed out, Chinese social progress requires the creation of a good population environment. And to achieve the goal of population integration is also Chinese current. So the only way which must be passed must break the ignorance and backwardness of the fertility concept, for the realization of China's population integration to create favorable conditions. Ma Yinchu constantly remind people, population control is a long-term, progressive engineering and it requires us to close co-ordination of the whole society, but depend on the active participation of all members of the society. To improve the population structure through the implementation of family planning methods, in order to increase The chance of being educated and ease the difficulty of the economic reform, to promote national integration speed. In terms of education, the Ma Yinchu school education and practical education to social cohesion and strength, the integration of social resources. He believes that the revitalization of the school is the country from weak to strong, to an important condition for the advanced from behind. In order to fundamentally change the situation in backward countries, should pay attention to the construction of the school. If countries do not attach importance to education, so there will be shortage of qualified personnel, the social order will be chaos, the country's power appears weak. Moreover the school for a person's growth also has a great influence, so we should vigorously set up schools. He hoped that through these means the national has a certain centripetal force, thereby promote social benign operation and coordinated development, and ultimately achieve the goal.
Based on the theory and method of sociology as a framework, from the history, education, demography, sociology and economics and other aspects, explores Ma Yinchu's social critical thought and social integration thoughts, he reappeared on the basis of social change, social transformation and remodeling a mode of thinking. Therefore, the research of Ma Yinchu's thoughts help us to understand the economic development and modernization of modern China. Very precious wealth of his idea of social integration is also China construction in the country, he provides an important reference for the healthy development of the society, also has a certain reference value for the development of today's society.

【學位授予單位】：重慶師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：C92-0

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