馬克思人與自然關(guān)系理論的多維審視
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-05 03:30
【摘要】：馬克思人與自然關(guān)系理論是馬克思哲學(xué)思想內(nèi)在的一根主線。馬克思在分析人與自然關(guān)系的時(shí)候超越了歷史上把人“排除”在自然之外看自然的自然主義和把人“置于”自然之上看自然的人本主義之間的簡(jiǎn)單對(duì)立,而是立足于人與自然的存在方式全面地分析了人與自然的本真的、現(xiàn)實(shí)的和理想的關(guān)系。 馬克思雖沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)的以本體論為標(biāo)題的著作,但他提供了一種有關(guān)人和自然獨(dú)立存在的本體論。在肯定人和自然具有獨(dú)立存在這一點(diǎn)上,馬克思直接繼承了費(fèi)爾巴哈的人本主義和自然主義思想,但是,他超出費(fèi)爾巴哈的地方在于：不是立足于人的感性直觀或感覺(jué),而是立足于人的感性活動(dòng)即實(shí)踐,來(lái)理解和把握感性的人和自然及其相互關(guān)系。馬克思認(rèn)為現(xiàn)實(shí)的人與自然的存在因?yàn)閷?shí)踐方式(勞動(dòng))的異化而以異化的方式而存在。理想的人與自然的存在關(guān)系,要通過(guò)揚(yáng)棄私有財(cái)產(chǎn)和異化勞動(dòng)的共產(chǎn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。 馬克思人與自然這兩個(gè)獨(dú)立存在的感性實(shí)體之間互為本質(zhì)的存在關(guān)系是建立在人的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)上的。馬克思立足于人與自然的關(guān)系對(duì)實(shí)踐做了本質(zhì)涵義的規(guī)定,并從實(shí)踐概念的一般界定入手,分析了人與自然關(guān)系理論中實(shí)踐的基本形式,即生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐。馬克思強(qiáng)調(diào),人與自然的實(shí)踐關(guān)系糾纏著人與人的社會(huì)關(guān)系,并隨著人類(lèi)社會(huì)的發(fā)展而不斷發(fā)展變化,從而給人與自然的關(guān)系賦予了社會(huì)歷史性。馬克思認(rèn)為,人類(lèi)是憑借著生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐而與自然進(jìn)行著物質(zhì)、能量、信息的變換的。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)的資本主義社會(huì)中,由于資本主義生產(chǎn)資料私有制的生產(chǎn)方式,使得其現(xiàn)實(shí)的自然與人及社會(huì)在進(jìn)行物質(zhì)變換的過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)變換的裂縫。這種物質(zhì)變換的裂縫是資本主義制度本身帶來(lái)的,因而也是無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)的。要修補(bǔ)裂縫,合理調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)變換只有進(jìn)行社會(huì)革命,改變資本主義制度,建立符合社會(huì)化大生產(chǎn)的新型社會(huì),即共產(chǎn)主義社會(huì)。 在馬克思的視野里,人與自然的關(guān)系既是一種實(shí)踐關(guān)系,又是一種認(rèn)識(shí)關(guān)系,人在對(duì)自然進(jìn)行實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的過(guò)程中,也在獲得對(duì)自然和人自身的認(rèn)識(shí)。馬克思認(rèn)為,人對(duì)自然的認(rèn)識(shí),就是人對(duì)自身的認(rèn)識(shí),就是人通過(guò)自然進(jìn)行的自我認(rèn)識(shí)。人類(lèi)可以根據(jù)感覺(jué)、藝術(shù)、自然科學(xué)等多種形式來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)和把握自然,人認(rèn)識(shí)和把握自然的過(guò)程是一個(gè)歷史發(fā)展的過(guò)程,認(rèn)識(shí)的每一個(gè)變化,歸根結(jié)底都是由我們實(shí)踐的變化而引起的。馬克思認(rèn)為,在資本主義生產(chǎn)方式下,由于實(shí)踐方式(勞動(dòng))的異化必然導(dǎo)致人對(duì)自然的認(rèn)識(shí)存在著觀念的異化。這種觀念的異化,在實(shí)踐中就會(huì)導(dǎo)致破壞人與自然和諧的結(jié)果。 馬克思認(rèn)為,在人以實(shí)踐的方式、認(rèn)識(shí)的方式把握自然的過(guò)程中,始終貫穿著人與自然的價(jià)值關(guān)系。人與自然的價(jià)值關(guān)系體現(xiàn)的是人在認(rèn)識(shí)與改造自然的過(guò)程中,自然能否滿(mǎn)足人的需要及滿(mǎn)足人的需要的程度的表現(xiàn)。馬克思認(rèn)為,人對(duì)自然的價(jià)值活動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)于人與自然的所有實(shí)踐和認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)之中。他提出：人與自然最基本的價(jià)值關(guān)系是一種功利的價(jià)值關(guān)系,此外,人與自然還有審美的價(jià)值關(guān)系。在對(duì)人與自然關(guān)系的價(jià)值審視中,馬克思提出了一個(gè)著名的論斷：勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。在對(duì)人的價(jià)值的評(píng)價(jià)上,馬克思始終堅(jiān)持人的本質(zhì)的社會(huì)屬性,提出了社會(huì)價(jià)值是評(píng)價(jià)人的價(jià)值的最高準(zhǔn)繩。在此基礎(chǔ)上,馬克思對(duì)現(xiàn)存資本主義社會(huì)中對(duì)人與自然異化了的實(shí)踐關(guān)系、異化了的認(rèn)識(shí)關(guān)系及異化了的價(jià)值關(guān)系進(jìn)行了價(jià)值批判,并對(duì)理想的人與自然的實(shí)踐關(guān)系、認(rèn)識(shí)關(guān)系、價(jià)值關(guān)系表達(dá)了價(jià)值認(rèn)同。 馬克思在談到人與自然的價(jià)值關(guān)系的同時(shí),也談到了人與自然的權(quán)利關(guān)系,即法權(quán)關(guān)系。馬克思認(rèn)為,康德和黑格爾追求的只是抽象的法與權(quán)利,是在私有制范圍內(nèi)的法與權(quán)利。馬克思從社會(huì)存在決定社會(huì)意識(shí),社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)決定社會(huì)的上層建筑的歷史唯物主義觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)對(duì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)法權(quán)論進(jìn)行了批判,明確指出：財(cái)產(chǎn)是“法和國(guó)家的全部?jī)?nèi)容”。從而揭露了法權(quán)的本質(zhì),顛覆了近代資產(chǎn)階級(jí)法權(quán)論者的形而上學(xué)的法學(xué)基礎(chǔ),實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)法權(quán)論的超越,完成了法權(quán)思想史上的革命性變革。馬克思對(duì)資本主義現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)人與自然的法權(quán)關(guān)系進(jìn)行尖銳地批判的同時(shí),對(duì)其心目中理想的人與自然的法權(quán)關(guān)系和通往理想的人與自然的法權(quán)關(guān)系的途徑進(jìn)行了積極探索。 人與自然的關(guān)系始終是隨著人類(lèi)生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)的發(fā)展而發(fā)展的,其理論具有鮮明的辯證法的性質(zhì)。辯證法就是馬克思人與自然關(guān)系的方法論。在馬克思那里,人與自然的辯證關(guān)系不僅體現(xiàn)在人與自然分別作為主體和客體的相互作用上,尤其體現(xiàn)在人與自然關(guān)系的歷史性當(dāng)中。馬克思對(duì)黑格爾的辯證法進(jìn)行了革命的改造,創(chuàng)立了獨(dú)具特色的實(shí)踐唯物主義的辯證法思想,并把這一思想自覺(jué)地運(yùn)用到人與自然關(guān)系的理論之中。馬克思在對(duì)人與自然本體論、實(shí)踐論、認(rèn)識(shí)論、價(jià)值論、法權(quán)論等多重關(guān)系的審視中都充分論證了其辯證性,從而揭示了人與自然關(guān)系總體的歷史辯證特征。 通過(guò)對(duì)馬克思人與自然關(guān)系理論的多維審視,可見(jiàn)其理論的歷史唯物主義特質(zhì)和鮮明的唯物辯證法特色。具體說(shuō)來(lái),馬克思人與自然關(guān)系理論具有現(xiàn)實(shí)性、理想性、實(shí)踐性、革命性、科學(xué)性、階級(jí)性的總體特征。具有自身特征的馬克思人與自然關(guān)系理論是構(gòu)建中國(guó)特色生態(tài)哲學(xué)的理論依據(jù)；是建設(shè)我國(guó)生態(tài)文明的指導(dǎo)思想。
[Abstract]:The theory of the relationship between man and nature is one of the main lines of Marx's philosophical thought. In the analysis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx transcends the simple contradiction between the natural naturalism of human "exclude" and the natural humanism on the nature of human's "put in". It is based on the existence of man and nature, and analyses the real, realistic and ideal relationship between man and nature. Although Marx did not have a special book on the title of ontology, he provided a body that existed independently and naturally. On this point of affirmation and nature, Marx inherited the thought of the humanism and naturalism of Ferbha directly, but the place of him beyond the Fairbaha lies in that it is not based on the perceptual intuition or the feeling of the human being, but based on the emotional activity of the human being. To understand and grasp the perceptive person and nature and their cross-correlation On the basis of the alienation of the practical way (labor), the existence of the man and nature of the reality is stored in a dissimilatory way. In the existence of the ideal man and nature, the communist movement of the private property and the alienation of labor can only be realized Now, the relationship between the two independent and existing perceptual entities of Marx and nature is the basis of the establishment of the human's practical activities. On the basis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has made the essential meaning of the practice, and starts with the general definition of the practice concept, and analyzes the basic form of the practice in the theory of the relationship between man and nature, that is, the life Marx emphasized that the practical relationship between man and nature has entangled the social relations between man and man, and has changed constantly with the development of human society, so that the relationship between man and nature is given to the society In that opinion of Marx, human is carry on material, energy and information with nature through production practice. But in the real capitalist society, because of the mode of production of the private ownership of the capitalist means of production, the material transformation in the course of material transformation between the natural and the human and the society The crack of this kind of material transformation is brought by the capitalist system itself, so it can't In order to repair the cracks, the rational adjustment of the material transformation can only carry out the social revolution, change the capitalist system, and establish a new type of society which is in line with the large-scale production of the socialization, that is, the co-production main In Marx's field of view, the relationship between man and nature is not only a kind of practical relation, but also a kind of understanding relation. In the course of carrying out the practical activities of nature, people are also getting the natural and human In Marx's view, the person's knowledge of nature is the person's understanding of himself, that is, by nature The self-knowledge of human beings can be recognized and grasped in various forms, such as the feeling, the art, the natural science and so on. The process of people's understanding and understanding of nature is a process of historical development. In the capitalist mode of production, the alienation of the mode of practice (labor) inevitably leads to the existence of the knowledge of nature. The alienation of the concept can lead to the destruction of man and nature in practice. The result of the harmony, in the view of Marx, in the way of the practice, the way to grasp the natural process, always runs through the people and The value relation between man and nature is that people can meet the needs of people and meet the needs of people in the process of cognition and transformation of nature. The expression of the degree to which Marx holds that the human value of nature is realized in all the practice of man and nature. He proposed that the most basic value relation between man and nature is a value relation of utility, and in addition, the man and nature also In the view of the value of the relationship between man and nature, Marx put forward a famous conclusion In the evaluation of the value of human, Marx always insists on the social attribute of human nature, and puts forward that the social value is the appraiser's value. On the basis of this, Marx's value criticism on the relationship between the human and nature dissimilation in the existing capitalist society, the dissimilation of the cognition relation and the value relation of the alienation, and the practice relation, the understanding relation and the value relation of the ideal man and nature. On the basis of the value relation between man and nature, Marx also talked about the right of man and nature The relation of interest, that is, the relationship between the law and the right, is that Kant and Hegel are pursuing only the abstract method and the right, which is in the private Marx's criticism on the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie from the viewpoint of the social consciousness, the economic structure of the society and the superstructure of the society, and makes it clear that the property is" the whole content of the Act and the Sta " This paper reveals the essence of the right of law, subverts the legal basis of the metaphysical legal basis of the modern bourgeois law, and realizes the transcendence of the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie, and completes the right of law. On the basis of the revolutionary change in history, Marx makes a sharp criticism of the relationship between the human and nature of the realistic society of capitalism, and the relationship between the right of the man and nature of the ideal man and nature and the legal right to the ideal man and nature. The relationship between man and nature has always been developed with the development of human production, and its theory The nature of a distinctive dialectics. Dialectics is Mark. The methodology of the relationship between man and nature. In Marx, the dialectical relationship between man and nature is not only reflected in the interaction between man and nature as subject and object, especially in man Marx's transformation of Hegel's dialectics has made the revolution of Hegel's dialectics, and founded the dialectical thought of the unique practical materialism, and applied the thought consciously to it. In the theory of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has fully demonstrated its dialectical nature in the examination of the multiple relations of the ontology, the practice, the epistemology, the value of value and the theory of law, so as to reveal the man and nature. The historical dialectical characteristic of the relationship is the historical materialism of the theory through the multi-dimensional examination of the theory of the relationship between man and nature. In particular, the theory of the relationship between man and nature is realistic, idealistic, practical and revolutionary. The theory of the relationship between man and nature with its own characteristics is the theoretical basis for building the ecological philosophy of Chinese characteristics;
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：A811
本文編號(hào)：2493223
[Abstract]:The theory of the relationship between man and nature is one of the main lines of Marx's philosophical thought. In the analysis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx transcends the simple contradiction between the natural naturalism of human "exclude" and the natural humanism on the nature of human's "put in". It is based on the existence of man and nature, and analyses the real, realistic and ideal relationship between man and nature. Although Marx did not have a special book on the title of ontology, he provided a body that existed independently and naturally. On this point of affirmation and nature, Marx inherited the thought of the humanism and naturalism of Ferbha directly, but the place of him beyond the Fairbaha lies in that it is not based on the perceptual intuition or the feeling of the human being, but based on the emotional activity of the human being. To understand and grasp the perceptive person and nature and their cross-correlation On the basis of the alienation of the practical way (labor), the existence of the man and nature of the reality is stored in a dissimilatory way. In the existence of the ideal man and nature, the communist movement of the private property and the alienation of labor can only be realized Now, the relationship between the two independent and existing perceptual entities of Marx and nature is the basis of the establishment of the human's practical activities. On the basis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has made the essential meaning of the practice, and starts with the general definition of the practice concept, and analyzes the basic form of the practice in the theory of the relationship between man and nature, that is, the life Marx emphasized that the practical relationship between man and nature has entangled the social relations between man and man, and has changed constantly with the development of human society, so that the relationship between man and nature is given to the society In that opinion of Marx, human is carry on material, energy and information with nature through production practice. But in the real capitalist society, because of the mode of production of the private ownership of the capitalist means of production, the material transformation in the course of material transformation between the natural and the human and the society The crack of this kind of material transformation is brought by the capitalist system itself, so it can't In order to repair the cracks, the rational adjustment of the material transformation can only carry out the social revolution, change the capitalist system, and establish a new type of society which is in line with the large-scale production of the socialization, that is, the co-production main In Marx's field of view, the relationship between man and nature is not only a kind of practical relation, but also a kind of understanding relation. In the course of carrying out the practical activities of nature, people are also getting the natural and human In Marx's view, the person's knowledge of nature is the person's understanding of himself, that is, by nature The self-knowledge of human beings can be recognized and grasped in various forms, such as the feeling, the art, the natural science and so on. The process of people's understanding and understanding of nature is a process of historical development. In the capitalist mode of production, the alienation of the mode of practice (labor) inevitably leads to the existence of the knowledge of nature. The alienation of the concept can lead to the destruction of man and nature in practice. The result of the harmony, in the view of Marx, in the way of the practice, the way to grasp the natural process, always runs through the people and The value relation between man and nature is that people can meet the needs of people and meet the needs of people in the process of cognition and transformation of nature. The expression of the degree to which Marx holds that the human value of nature is realized in all the practice of man and nature. He proposed that the most basic value relation between man and nature is a value relation of utility, and in addition, the man and nature also In the view of the value of the relationship between man and nature, Marx put forward a famous conclusion In the evaluation of the value of human, Marx always insists on the social attribute of human nature, and puts forward that the social value is the appraiser's value. On the basis of this, Marx's value criticism on the relationship between the human and nature dissimilation in the existing capitalist society, the dissimilation of the cognition relation and the value relation of the alienation, and the practice relation, the understanding relation and the value relation of the ideal man and nature. On the basis of the value relation between man and nature, Marx also talked about the right of man and nature The relation of interest, that is, the relationship between the law and the right, is that Kant and Hegel are pursuing only the abstract method and the right, which is in the private Marx's criticism on the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie from the viewpoint of the social consciousness, the economic structure of the society and the superstructure of the society, and makes it clear that the property is" the whole content of the Act and the Sta " This paper reveals the essence of the right of law, subverts the legal basis of the metaphysical legal basis of the modern bourgeois law, and realizes the transcendence of the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie, and completes the right of law. On the basis of the revolutionary change in history, Marx makes a sharp criticism of the relationship between the human and nature of the realistic society of capitalism, and the relationship between the right of the man and nature of the ideal man and nature and the legal right to the ideal man and nature. The relationship between man and nature has always been developed with the development of human production, and its theory The nature of a distinctive dialectics. Dialectics is Mark. The methodology of the relationship between man and nature. In Marx, the dialectical relationship between man and nature is not only reflected in the interaction between man and nature as subject and object, especially in man Marx's transformation of Hegel's dialectics has made the revolution of Hegel's dialectics, and founded the dialectical thought of the unique practical materialism, and applied the thought consciously to it. In the theory of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has fully demonstrated its dialectical nature in the examination of the multiple relations of the ontology, the practice, the epistemology, the value of value and the theory of law, so as to reveal the man and nature. The historical dialectical characteristic of the relationship is the historical materialism of the theory through the multi-dimensional examination of the theory of the relationship between man and nature. In particular, the theory of the relationship between man and nature is realistic, idealistic, practical and revolutionary. The theory of the relationship between man and nature with its own characteristics is the theoretical basis for building the ecological philosophy of Chinese characteristics;
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：A811
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