本文關(guān)鍵詞： 馬克思 勞動(dòng) 歷史 整體性　出處：《中共中央黨�！�2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：探尋人生的意義,獲取人的自由、平等和解放是人類永恒不懈的追求。在古希臘,先哲們就希望通過(guò)對(duì)存在的沉思獲取人生的意義和世界的完滿。進(jìn)入中世紀(jì),人類開始寄希望于對(duì)上帝的信仰來(lái)拯救罪惡的靈魂而獲取永恒。隨著馬丁?路德的宗教改革和資本主義社會(huì)萌芽的興起,世俗生活逐漸擺脫了基督教的統(tǒng)治而顯露于人們視野當(dāng)中。以笛卡爾為代表的啟蒙思想家們迅速確立了人的理性權(quán)威,高揚(yáng)起自由、平等和解放的旗幟。然而即使經(jīng)歷了啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的洗禮以及資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命,人類的自由、平等和解放在近代資本主義社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)當(dāng)中,似乎依舊還是一場(chǎng)遙不可及的夢(mèng)想。原因何在?自古以來(lái),對(duì)人生意義的尋求以及對(duì)人的解放的追求似乎永遠(yuǎn)徘徊在精神活動(dòng)當(dāng)中——沉思、信仰和理性,而物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)作為一個(gè)古老而基礎(chǔ)的活動(dòng)卻從來(lái)沒(méi)有得到應(yīng)有的重視。人們無(wú)法想象在卑微的、艱辛的生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)中能夠獲取人生的意義和人類的自由及解放。然而,馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)了。他響亮的提出勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造人,勞動(dòng)是人的生命活動(dòng)本質(zhì),也只有通過(guò)勞動(dòng),人類才有可能獲取自由和解放。但是這一思想的真正精神長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)卻被遮蔽在對(duì)它的近代解讀中。人們經(jīng)常誤解馬克思是機(jī)械的歷史決定論,宣稱以唯物史觀和剩余價(jià)值理論為核心的馬克思學(xué)說(shuō)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了,其根本原因就是人們沒(méi)有對(duì)馬克思的勞動(dòng)思想進(jìn)行一個(gè)整體的、歷史的解讀。當(dāng)我們站在人類歷史的整體背景下來(lái)看待馬克思的勞動(dòng)思想,從人類勞動(dòng)思想發(fā)展史的整體角度來(lái)把握馬克思勞動(dòng)思想的真正內(nèi)涵及精神實(shí)質(zhì),我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)馬克思勞動(dòng)思想的產(chǎn)生是時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物。資產(chǎn)階級(jí)工業(yè)革命對(duì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力的提升使人們第一次看到蘊(yùn)含在人類勞動(dòng)內(nèi)部巨大的創(chuàng)造和支配力量,而工人運(yùn)動(dòng)的不斷發(fā)展使人們開始關(guān)注勞動(dòng)者階級(jí)的權(quán)利以及日益尖銳的階級(jí)矛盾,逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)市民社會(huì)和政治國(guó)家的扭曲割裂。不少思想家紛紛對(duì)這些社會(huì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了研究和探索,其中較為系統(tǒng)的要數(shù)古典國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家通過(guò)對(duì)資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的研究提出較為完善的勞動(dòng)價(jià)值思想,以及黑格爾針對(duì)啟蒙缺失的資本主義社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)構(gòu)建出通過(guò)精神能動(dòng)勞作達(dá)到個(gè)體和類相統(tǒng)一的倫理國(guó)家。馬克思的勞動(dòng)思想無(wú)疑是在吸收繼承前人思想精華的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的,更是和馬克思自身的理論素養(yǎng)、生活境遇以及階級(jí)立場(chǎng)密切相關(guān)。同樣,要想弄清楚馬克思的勞動(dòng)思想,首先要界定勞動(dòng)概念在馬克思的文本著作中具有什么樣的理論內(nèi)涵和外延。勞動(dòng)概念只有到近代才具有從各種具體勞動(dòng)抽象出的一般勞動(dòng)意義。歷史的來(lái)看,勞動(dòng)和生產(chǎn)、實(shí)踐以及工作等相關(guān)概念既有區(qū)別又有聯(lián)系,以這幾個(gè)概念的歷史變遷為路徑描繪出人類勞動(dòng)發(fā)展史的基本面貌,有助于我們明晰以及厘清馬克思文本中不同語(yǔ)境下勞動(dòng)范疇的真正所指。在這一基礎(chǔ)上,從勞動(dòng)和人、勞動(dòng)和社會(huì)、勞動(dòng)和歷史這三個(gè)視角對(duì)馬克思勞動(dòng)思想的理論內(nèi)涵進(jìn)行較為全面的解讀。從馬克思勞動(dòng)發(fā)展史的整體角度來(lái)看,我們可以看到馬克思的勞動(dòng)思想源于解決啟蒙理性所呼喚的自由、平等和當(dāng)時(shí)落后德國(guó)社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)之間的矛盾問(wèn)題,落腳點(diǎn)也是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自由、平等和人類解放。馬克思對(duì)資本主義社會(huì)勞動(dòng)異化現(xiàn)象以及拜物教現(xiàn)象的揭示和譴責(zé)是為了呼喚無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)起來(lái)反抗和推翻這個(gè)壓迫人、剝削人的顛倒世界,馬克思對(duì)勞動(dòng)二重性的剖析以及對(duì)剩余價(jià)值理論的揭露是為了科學(xué)的證明資本主義社會(huì)資本對(duì)勞動(dòng)的殘酷剝削以及找到推翻資本主義社會(huì)和實(shí)現(xiàn)人類解放的現(xiàn)實(shí)路徑。總的來(lái)說(shuō),馬克思的勞動(dòng)思想不僅繼承吸收黑格爾哲學(xué)思維方式中的強(qiáng)大的歷史感和辯證觀,還進(jìn)一步吸收了國(guó)民政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)直面現(xiàn)實(shí)的唯物主義傳統(tǒng)以及實(shí)證經(jīng)驗(yàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)論證方法,從而建立了一個(gè)真正契合現(xiàn)實(shí)的、辯證唯物的勞動(dòng)理論體系;并且由于其集粹了西方各種優(yōu)秀的精神文化資源,以及代表了先進(jìn)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的根本利益,因此具有前人無(wú)可比擬的理論特質(zhì)。它是一個(gè)整體的理論體系,具有強(qiáng)大的歷史感和辯證思維方式,是真理和價(jià)值的統(tǒng)一體。
[Abstract]:Exploring the meaning of life, for human freedom, equality and human liberation is the eternal pursuit. In ancient Greece, philosophers want to pass on the existence of the world and the significance of life. The perfect meditation gets into the middle ages, people began to hope that faith in God to save the evil soul for eternity. With Martin? Luther's religious reform and the rise of capitalism sprout, secular life gradually get rid of the Christian rule appear in people's vision. With Descartes as the representative of the Enlightenment thinkers quickly established rational authority of people, advocating freedom, equality and liberation flag. However, even after the baptism and the enlightenment the bourgeois revolution, human freedom, equality and liberation in the modern capitalist society reality, seems to still a distant dream. What are the reasons for self? Since ancient times, seeking the meaning of life and the pursuit of the liberation of the people seemed to be wandering in the spirit activities -- Meditation, belief and rationality, and material production as an ancient and fundamental activities but never get the attention they deserve. People can not imagine in the humble, hard labor can get life the meaning and human freedom and liberation. However, Marx found. He was put forward labor, labor is the essence of human life, only through labor, human beings will obtain freedom and liberation. But this thought the true spirit of long was obscured by the modern interpretation of it. People often misunderstand Marx. Mechanical historical determinism, claims to historical materialism and surplus value theory is the core of Marx's theory has become obsolete, the fundamental reason is that people are not With the labor of Marx thought as a whole, historical interpretation. When we stand in the whole background of human history down view of Marx's labor theory, from the perspective of the whole history of the development of human labor theory to grasp Marx's labour thought the real connotation and spirit, we will find that Marx's thought is the era of labor the product of the industrial revolution of the bourgeoisie. Enhance the labor productivity of the first people to see contained in the human labor creation and huge internal power, and the continuous development of the workers' movement so that people began to concern the rights of working class and the increasingly sharp contradictions, gradually found that the distortion of fragmented civil society and political state. Many thinkers have carried out the research and exploration of these social phenomena, which systematically to the number of classical economists through national capital The theory of economic relations put forward relatively perfect labor value idea, and Hagel for the lack of the reality of capitalist society enlightenment to construct national ethics through the spirit of active labor to achieve the unity of individual and class. The work of Marx thought it is produced in the basis of inheriting thought on the essence of the theory, and is Marx's own accomplishment class, circumstances and life is closely related to the position. Also, to clarify the ideas of Marx's work, the first is to define the concept of labor has theoretical connotation and extension of what is in the text of Marx's writings. The concept of labor is only in modern times from the general meaning of labor labor abstract. Historically, labor and the production practice, and other related concepts are different but related, with historical changes of these concepts to depict the path The basic features of the history of the development of human labor, have real meaning can help us clarify and clarify Marx's text in different contexts of labor category. On this basis, and from the labor, labor and social theory, the connotation of Marx's labour theory of labor and history of the three perspectives of comprehensive explanation from. The whole view of Marx labor history, we can see the source of Marx's labor theory to solve the call Enlightenment rationality of freedom, equality and backward contradiction between the German social reality at that time, the end result is to achieve freedom, equality and human liberation. Marx of capitalist social phenomenon and reveals the alienation of labor fetishism and condemnation is to call up and overthrow the oppression of the proletariat, the exploitation of man by turning the world upside down, Marx on the analysis and the duality of labor On the theory of surplus value is to expose the cruel exploitation of scientific proof of capitalist social capital for labor and find the overthrow of capitalist society and the realistic path of human liberation. In general, the work of Marx thought not only inherited and absorbed the thought of Hagel philosophy in the strong sense of history and dialectical view, further absorption of national political economics face the reality proof of economics materialism and traditional empirical experience, so as to establish a truly fit the reality, the labor theory system of dialectical materialism; and due to the collection of various western excellent spiritual and cultural resources, and represents the fundamental interests of the advanced of the proletariat, therefore has the characteristics of the theory of previous There is nothing comparable to this. It is a whole theoretical system, with a strong sense of history and dialectical way of thinking, is the truth and value Unity.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中共中央黨校
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：A81

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 彭鴻雁;;論歷史唯物主義的勞動(dòng)解放原理[J];社會(huì)科學(xué)輯刊;2013年04期

2 丁重?fù)P;丁堡駿;;試論馬克思勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論在國(guó)際交換領(lǐng)域的運(yùn)用和發(fā)展[J];毛澤東鄧小平理論研究;2013年04期

3 楊紅;;深化對(duì)馬克思勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論認(rèn)識(shí)的若干思考[J];河南社會(huì)科學(xué);2012年07期

4 李萍;王偉;;生態(tài)價(jià)值:基于馬克思勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論的一個(gè)引申分析[J];學(xué)術(shù)月刊;2012年04期

5 王曉升;;“經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)”和“上層建筑”二分觀獻(xiàn)疑——馬克思的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)理論再思考[J];江蘇社會(huì)科學(xué);2012年01期

6 丁堡駿;;評(píng)薩繆爾森對(duì)勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論的批判[J];中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué);2012年02期

7 佟亞輝;;對(duì)深化馬克思勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論的思考[J];改革與戰(zhàn)略;2011年06期

8 楊曾憲;;解構(gòu)馬克思的資本有機(jī)構(gòu)成理論——“價(jià)值學(xué)視域中的勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論與剝削”系列研究之七[J];社會(huì)科學(xué)論壇;2010年20期

9 楊曾憲;;消除剝削是社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的本質(zhì)要求———“價(jià)值學(xué)視域中的勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論與剝削”系列研究之二[J];社會(huì)科學(xué)論壇(學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)論卷);2009年05期

10 段忠橋;;馬克思的異化概念與歷史唯物主義——與俞吾金教授商榷[J];江海學(xué)刊;2009年03期

，

本文編號(hào)：1453481