本文選題：自然文化遺產(chǎn) + 國(guó)家公園　； 參考：《中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：過(guò)去的30多年，隨著改革開放的步伐，以自然文化遺產(chǎn)為依托的保護(hù)地資源（如風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)）迎來(lái)了巨大變化。人們因生活水平提高帶來(lái)的旅游需求以及以此更多、更快地拉動(dòng)地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的引資驅(qū)動(dòng)，將自然文化遺產(chǎn)管理與經(jīng)營(yíng)問(wèn)題推至現(xiàn)實(shí)層面，直至引起廣泛的輿論之爭(zhēng)。政府特許經(jīng)營(yíng)模式，本是經(jīng)國(guó)外一些國(guó)家的實(shí)踐證明，在資源保護(hù)目標(biāo)下，可以較好地體現(xiàn)資源管理與旅游服務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)分離，為游客提供質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)廉的服務(wù)。然而，從這一模式引進(jìn)我國(guó)之初，就沒有人想繼續(xù)遵循這樣的原則，而注入了中國(guó)意味。在操作層面，我國(guó)的遺產(chǎn)地特許經(jīng)營(yíng)仍存在諸多問(wèn)題。特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同體現(xiàn)了政府通過(guò)合同管制自然文化遺產(chǎn)或保護(hù)地等特殊公共資源的規(guī)制行為。本研究以特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同為切入點(diǎn)，借鑒國(guó)外相關(guān)遺產(chǎn)資源經(jīng)營(yíng)管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)，全面探究特許經(jīng)營(yíng)模式的起源、理論基礎(chǔ)、實(shí)踐方法等，這對(duì)總結(jié)現(xiàn)階段我國(guó)自然文化遺產(chǎn)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，以及思考下一步管理層面的改進(jìn)具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 本文采取理論與實(shí)證相結(jié)合的方法，，梳理分析我國(guó)遺產(chǎn)地特許經(jīng)營(yíng)的發(fā)展歷程、現(xiàn)狀及問(wèn)題；分析美國(guó)國(guó)家公園服務(wù)項(xiàng)目特許經(jīng)營(yíng)概念、模式及特征；在分別選取兩國(guó)典型的自然文化遺產(chǎn)地（其中中國(guó)4處，美國(guó)1處）特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究，試圖回答以下三個(gè)問(wèn)題： 1、為什么要在遺產(chǎn)地實(shí)施政府規(guī)制下的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)？ 2、在遺產(chǎn)地或保護(hù)地怎樣進(jìn)行特許經(jīng)營(yíng)？ 3、遺產(chǎn)地特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同應(yīng)包括哪些內(nèi)容？ 遺產(chǎn)地經(jīng)營(yíng)問(wèn)題的國(guó)內(nèi)已有研究表明，對(duì)于目前的管理體制是否有利于遺產(chǎn)資源的整體保護(hù)尚存爭(zhēng)議�；仡櫸覈�(guó)自然文化遺產(chǎn)特許經(jīng)營(yíng)的實(shí)踐歷程，政府管理的缺位與錯(cuò)位并存在一定程度上導(dǎo)致了當(dāng)前特許經(jīng)營(yíng)模式的不規(guī)范現(xiàn)象，其中以特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同問(wèn)題尤為顯著。根據(jù)規(guī)制經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，本研究總結(jié)歸納自然文化遺產(chǎn)資源政府社會(huì)性規(guī)制的內(nèi)容分為遺產(chǎn)地進(jìn)入規(guī)制、資源保護(hù)規(guī)制和經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)規(guī)制三個(gè)方面。其中，特許經(jīng)營(yíng)作為經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)規(guī)制的手段之一，其規(guī)制程度應(yīng)該是逐漸加強(qiáng)的。國(guó)家公園是美國(guó)自然文化遺產(chǎn)的代表，世界上第一個(gè)國(guó)家公園于1872年誕生于美國(guó)，之后，在國(guó)家公園的管理過(guò)程中，不斷面臨著旅游服務(wù)需求與遺產(chǎn)資源保護(hù)管理相沖突的問(wèn)題，特許經(jīng)營(yíng)正是在如此環(huán)境下產(chǎn)生的。對(duì)美國(guó)國(guó)家公園服務(wù)項(xiàng)目特許經(jīng)營(yíng)的案例分析，有助于探究特許經(jīng)營(yíng)這一模式的典型微觀特征。在案例分析過(guò)程中，本研究對(duì)中美兩國(guó)的特許經(jīng)營(yíng)合同進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的對(duì)比和分析，分別從合同的制定原則、合同應(yīng)包含的必要內(nèi)容（主體、責(zé)任、權(quán)利、義務(wù)等）、及其他附加條款予以系統(tǒng)闡釋，并根據(jù)比較研究的結(jié)果給出了若干項(xiàng)具有現(xiàn)實(shí)操作價(jià)值的啟示性討論。
[Abstract]:Over the past 30 years, with the pace of reform and opening up, great changes have been made in the conservation of natural and cultural heritage (such as scenic spots). People have been driven by the demand for the improvement of the living standards, as well as more, more quickly pulling the capital of the local economy, and pushing the management and management of natural and cultural heritage to the present. The government franchise model, which has been proved by the practice of some foreign countries, can better reflect the separation of resource management and tourism service and provide a good quality and cheap service for tourists. However, no one wants to continue from the beginning of this model in China. Following this principle, it injects the meaning of China. At the operational level, there are still a lot of problems in the franchise operation of our country. The franchise contract embodies the regulation of the government through the regulation of the special public resources such as the natural cultural heritage or the protected land through the contract. This study takes the franchise contract as the breakthrough point and draws on the related remains of foreign countries. It is of practical significance to sum up the origin, the theoretical basis and the practice method of the franchise model, and to summarize the experience of the franchise management of the natural cultural heritage of our country at the present stage and to think about the improvement of the next management level.
This paper combines theory and empirical method to analyze the development process, current situation and problems of Chinese heritage franchising, analyze the concept, pattern and characteristics of American National Park Service franchise, and select the basis of the typical natural cultural heritage sites of the two countries (4 of China and 1 in the United States). A comparative study was conducted to try to answer the following three questions:
1, why do we need to implement franchising under the government regulation in heritage sites?
2, how do franchises operate in heritage sites or protected areas?
3, what should be included in the franchise contract?
The domestic research on the management of heritage sites has shown that there is a dispute over whether the current management system is conducive to the overall protection of the heritage resources. In accordance with the theory of regulated economy, the content of the social regulation of the government of natural cultural heritage resources is divided into three aspects: the regulation of heritage entry, the regulation of resources protection and the regulation of management activities. Among them, the regulation degree of the franchise is one of the means of regulation of the management activities. It should be gradually strengthened. The National Park is the representative of the American natural cultural heritage. The first National Park in the world was born in the United States in 1872. In the course of the management of the National Park, it is constantly confronted with the question of the conflict between the demand for tourism service and the management of the heritage resource protection. The case analysis of the United States National Park Service franchise is helpful to explore the typical micro characteristics of the franchise model. In the process of case analysis, this study makes a detailed comparison and analysis of the franchise contracts between China and the United States, from the principles of the contract formulation, the necessary contents of the contract (subject, responsibility,) Rights, obligations, etc.) and other additional clauses are systematically explained. Based on the results of comparative studies, some enlightening discussions with practical operational value are given.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K87;F597.12

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