【摘要】：在美國(guó)政治里,總統(tǒng)通常選擇不同途徑去推動(dòng)自己的政策議程,包括單方面簽署和頒布總統(tǒng)行政命令或指令。作為一個(gè)重要的單邊行動(dòng)工具,國(guó)家安全指令被認(rèn)為是最為機(jī)密、最具有權(quán)勢(shì)的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)指令,并在影響和規(guī)定美國(guó)對(duì)外及軍事政策方面發(fā)揮著不可忽視的作用。國(guó)家安全指令不僅構(gòu)成戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)對(duì)外政策史的一部分,而且一些指令引發(fā)飽受爭(zhēng)議的美國(guó)對(duì)外政策行動(dòng),給世界政治帶來(lái)復(fù)雜的后果。由于使用上具有隨意性、保密性和靈活性,國(guó)家安全指令成為戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)總統(tǒng)繞開國(guó)會(huì)權(quán)力制約、經(jīng)常使用卻又最為隱蔽的行政密令。不僅美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)和普通民眾在大多數(shù)情況下并不知曉總統(tǒng)簽署了這些指令,而且它妨礙了國(guó)會(huì)參與國(guó)家安全政策制定和實(shí)施政策監(jiān)督的憲法權(quán)力,對(duì)美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政治體制中有關(guān)權(quán)力分享及制衡的基本原則構(gòu)成挑戰(zhàn)。
[Abstract]:In American politics, presidents usually choose different ways to push forward their policy agenda, including unilaterally signing and issuing presidential executive orders or instructions. As an important tool of unilateral action, the national security instruction is considered to be the most confidential and powerful presidential instruction of the United States, and plays an important role in influencing and prescribing the foreign and military policies of the United States. National security instructions not only form part of the history of American foreign policy after the war, but also lead to controversial US foreign policy actions, which have complex consequences for world politics. Because of its arbitrariness, confidentiality and flexibility, the national security instruction has become the most covert administrative secret decree used by the president of the United States after the war. Not only is the United States Congress and the general public unaware, in most cases, that the President has signed these instructions, but it also hinders the constitutional power of Congress to participate in the formulation of national security policies and the implementation of policy oversight. It challenges the basic principles of power sharing and checks and balances in the federal political system of the United States.
【作者單位】： 上海復(fù)旦大學(xué)美國(guó)研究中心;
【基金】：“教育部人文社會(huì)科學(xué)重點(diǎn)研究基地項(xiàng)目基金”(項(xiàng)目批準(zhǔn)號(hào):12JJD810014)資助
【分類號(hào)】：D771.2

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