【摘要】： 本文認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代化是一個(gè)從傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)向現(xiàn)代社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變的過(guò)程,這一過(guò)程勢(shì)必涉及到經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、社會(huì)以及價(jià)值觀念等領(lǐng)域的系統(tǒng)性變遷,尤其是涉及到國(guó)家制度體系和國(guó)家意識(shí)形態(tài)上的變遷�，F(xiàn)代化的實(shí)踐已經(jīng)證明,國(guó)家建構(gòu)是現(xiàn)代化的政治前提。離開(kāi)了這個(gè)前提,現(xiàn)代化便無(wú)從下手。與現(xiàn)代化相伴生的現(xiàn)代國(guó)家具有雙重特性:一是民族國(guó)家;二是民主國(guó)家。其中,現(xiàn)代國(guó)家的特性之維——民族國(guó)家的建構(gòu)為現(xiàn)代化提供了必要的制度前提和強(qiáng)大的發(fā)展動(dòng)力、以及穩(wěn)定的秩序保障,現(xiàn)代國(guó)家的特性之維——民主國(guó)家的建構(gòu)為現(xiàn)代化提供了合法的政治條件。民族國(guó)家指的是現(xiàn)代國(guó)家的組織形式,以主權(quán)為中心;民主國(guó)家指的是現(xiàn)代國(guó)家的制度體系,以主權(quán)在民為合法性基礎(chǔ),二者共同作用于現(xiàn)代國(guó)家建構(gòu)之中。自現(xiàn)代化以來(lái),由于現(xiàn)代國(guó)家已不再是一架純粹的靠強(qiáng)力和武力決定自己的政治組織形式,而是一個(gè)人們相互交往以不斷尋求相互理解和取得價(jià)值共識(shí)的動(dòng)態(tài)持續(xù)的合法化構(gòu)建過(guò)程。因此,在這個(gè)構(gòu)建的過(guò)程中,國(guó)家建構(gòu)離不開(kāi)教育,尤其是離不開(kāi)公民教育的形塑。因?yàn)?民族國(guó)家需要公民教育的社會(huì)整合功能以實(shí)現(xiàn)民族認(rèn)同和國(guó)家的一體化建設(shè),民主國(guó)家的建構(gòu)則需要公民教育的民主化功能以實(shí)現(xiàn)民主觀念的傳播和公民參與的培育,進(jìn)而推進(jìn)國(guó)家的民主化進(jìn)程。而且,公民教育的功能取向又往往因現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中各國(guó)民族與民主建構(gòu)特性的不同呈現(xiàn)出不同的表現(xiàn)。因此,本文認(rèn)為從國(guó)家建構(gòu)的維度,以國(guó)家建構(gòu)為介質(zhì)研究美國(guó)現(xiàn)代化與公民教育的關(guān)系問(wèn)題就成為一個(gè)順理成章的問(wèn)題。 美國(guó)是個(gè)高度發(fā)達(dá)的現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家,也是一個(gè)民族國(guó)家與民主國(guó)家同步建構(gòu)的國(guó)家。本文認(rèn)為美國(guó)現(xiàn)代化的醞釀時(shí)期,既是其民族國(guó)家與民主國(guó)家同步建構(gòu)的初創(chuàng)時(shí)期,也是公民教育被認(rèn)為是形成民族特點(diǎn)、培養(yǎng)社會(huì)凝聚力、推動(dòng)民主共和觀念的發(fā)軔時(shí)期�，F(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí)期,是美國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)從農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)向工業(yè)社會(huì)過(guò)渡的重要階段,國(guó)家的秩序、穩(wěn)定和一體化建設(shè)成為國(guó)家建構(gòu)的主要任務(wù)。此時(shí),公民教育的社會(huì)整合功能逐漸凸顯并成為最突出的特征,公民教育被視為實(shí)現(xiàn)民族認(rèn)同和國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的最有力工具�，F(xiàn)代化成熟時(shí)期,伴隨著美國(guó)城市化和工業(yè)化的快速邁進(jìn),美國(guó)公民的民主權(quán)利訴求得以上升,公民教育的民主化功能不斷推進(jìn)。同時(shí),這段時(shí)間也是美國(guó)民族主義極端發(fā)展的時(shí)期,美西戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、一戰(zhàn)、二戰(zhàn)的接連發(fā)生使公民教育一度出現(xiàn)國(guó)家主義甚至軍國(guó)主義的色彩。20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái),伴隨著新保守主義的興起,美國(guó)國(guó)家建構(gòu)在注重自由和平等的同時(shí)加強(qiáng)了政府權(quán)威的維護(hù),民族主義與愛(ài)國(guó)主義相互融合,相互促進(jìn)。同時(shí),為適應(yīng)這一時(shí)期國(guó)家建構(gòu)的需要,“積極的公民資格”應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,培養(yǎng)有知識(shí)、有思想、有責(zé)任和能參與的公民成為公民教育的奮斗目標(biāo)。無(wú)論是強(qiáng)調(diào)公民對(duì)其所屬政治社群的認(rèn)同感和歸屬感的社群主義公民教育也好,還是倡導(dǎo)文化的多元性、承認(rèn)文化之間的平等和相互影響的多元文化主義的公民教育也好,都相對(duì)注重了公民教育的社會(huì)整合功能和民主化功能的協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一。 總之,從美國(guó)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中的國(guó)家建構(gòu)與公民教育的關(guān)系來(lái)看,本文認(rèn)為公民資格無(wú)疑成為美國(guó)現(xiàn)代國(guó)家建構(gòu)與公民教育的關(guān)系維度,一方面公民資格體現(xiàn)了國(guó)家建構(gòu)的內(nèi)在要求,另一方面公民資格需要公民教育的形塑。而且,在現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)程中美國(guó)國(guó)家建構(gòu)也會(huì)因不同時(shí)期現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的不同要求而在其建構(gòu)的兩種維度——民族與民主之間表現(xiàn)不同的側(cè)重。盡管在國(guó)家建構(gòu)的過(guò)程中,美國(guó)始終稱(chēng)自己是民主立國(guó)的典范,往往忽視民族以及民族國(guó)家在其建構(gòu)中的作用。然而,縱觀美國(guó)現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展演變的歷程,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),從建國(guó)起其民族國(guó)家建構(gòu)總體上在國(guó)家建構(gòu)中具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì),而民主國(guó)家建構(gòu)則具有相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。而且,其國(guó)家建構(gòu)中兩種維度的張力一直主導(dǎo)著公民教育的功能取向。公民教育的社會(huì)整合功能在其國(guó)家建構(gòu)中具有絕對(duì)位置,而公民教育的民主化功能則在其國(guó)家建構(gòu)中具有相對(duì)位置。公民教育的功能傾向往往因國(guó)家建構(gòu)中兩種維度的內(nèi)部張力而一直受其制約和影響。
[Abstract]:This paper holds that modernization is a process from the traditional society to the modern society, which is bound to the systematic changes in the fields of economy, politics, society and value, especially the system of the state system and the change of the national ideology. The practice of modernization has proved that the construction of the country is the political premise of modernization. After leaving this premise, the modernization has not been done. The modern state associated with the modernization has the dual character: one is the national and the second is the democratic country. The construction of the dimension _ national state of the modern state provides the necessary system premises and strong development power, as well as the stable order guarantee, and the construction of the dimension _ democratic state of the characteristic of the modern state provides the legal political conditions for the modernization. The nation's state refers to the form of the organization of the modern state, with the sovereignty as the center; the democratic state refers to the system of the modern state, and based on the people as the basis of the legitimacy, the two act together in the construction of the modern state. Since the modernization, since the modern country is no longer a pure force and force to decide the form of its own political organization, it is a dynamic and continuous legalized construction process of people's interaction with each other to seek mutual understanding and achieve the value consensus. Therefore, in the course of this construction, the construction of the country can not be separated from the education, especially the shape of the civic education. Because, the nation state needs the social integration function of the civic education to realize the national identity and the nation's integration construction, the construction of the democratic country needs the democratic function of the civic education to realize the dissemination of the democratic idea and the cultivation of the citizen's participation, so as to advance the country's democratization process. Moreover, the function orientation of civic education is often different from the characteristics of national and democratic construction in the process of modernization. Therefore, the paper holds that the problem of the relationship between the modernization of the United States and the education of the citizens is the problem of the construction of the nation from the dimension of the construction of the nation and the construction of the nation as the medium. The United States is a highly developed and modern country, and it is also a national and democratic nation. This paper holds that the brewing time of the modernization of the United States is not only the start-up period of the synchronous construction of the national and the democratic countries, but also the development of the citizen's education is regarded as the formation of the national character, the development of the social cohesion and the promotion of the democratic republic. The period of modernization is the important stage of the transition from the agricultural society to the industrial society, and the order, stability and integration of the country become the main part of the nation's construction. At this time, the social integration function of civic education is becoming more and more prominent and becomes the most prominent feature, and the civic education is regarded as the most important to realize the national identity and the national unity In the modern and mature period, with the rapid development of the urbanization and industrialization of the United States, the demand of the democratic rights of the citizens of the United States is rising, and the democratic function of the civic education does not At the same time, this time is also the period of the extreme development of the American nationalism, the war of the United States, the World War I, the succession of the Second World War, which once had the color of nationalism and even militarism. Since the 1970s, the new conservatism was accompanied by neoconservatism. The rise of the state of the United States has strengthened the maintenance of the authority of the government while paying attention to freedom and equality, and the nationalism and the patriotism are fused with each other. At the same time, in order to adapt to the needs of the construction of the nation in this period, the 鈥減ositive citizenship鈥，

本文編號(hào)：2421028