【摘要】：本文是研究封土制在14-15世紀(jì)衰落的原因的一篇文章。筆者認(rèn)為,在西歐中世紀(jì)早期隨著采邑制的出現(xiàn)和封建王權(quán)的日漸加強(qiáng),封土制開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)。此后,經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)的發(fā)展封土制最終在歐洲形成。 文章的前言部分指出中世紀(jì)晚期西歐社會(huì)開(kāi)始從封建生產(chǎn)關(guān)系向近代資本主義生產(chǎn)關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)變。并簡(jiǎn)要敘述了國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)型原因這一問(wèn)題的研究成果和局限,指出了本文研究的角度和方法。 第一章是封土制的起源及其特征,主要分析了封土制形成的歷史背景和歷史條件,闡述了以封君封臣關(guān)系為表現(xiàn)形式的封土制的特點(diǎn),對(duì)封君封臣制及他們之間的相互權(quán)利與義務(wù)做一簡(jiǎn)單介紹。 第二章是簡(jiǎn)述封土制在西歐各國(guó)的發(fā)展及其衰落的自身因素,簡(jiǎn)要分析了封土制在英國(guó)和西歐大陸發(fā)展的不同狀況及導(dǎo)致其衰落的內(nèi)在因素。 第三章是封土制衰落的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素,以商品貨幣關(guān)系為紐帶對(duì)14-15世紀(jì)的工商業(yè)做一介紹,得出由于商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展而產(chǎn)生的新的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系所引起的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的變革,進(jìn)而得出由于商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展而導(dǎo)致封土制衰落的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。 第四章是封土制衰落的社會(huì)根源,分析了勞動(dòng)力、社會(huì)環(huán)境、社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化等方面對(duì)封土制的衰落所產(chǎn)生的影響。 本文最后得出,封土制在中世紀(jì)中后期的衰落既是其自身因素發(fā)展的結(jié)果而更多的原因則是經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展、社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化等方面的外部因素。
[Abstract]:This paper is a study of the causes of the decline of the feudal system in the 14-15 th century. The author believes that in the early Middle Ages of Western Europe, with the emergence of fiefdom and the strengthening of feudal Wang Quan, the system of sealing soil began to appear. Then, after centuries of development, the feudal system finally came into being in Europe. The preface of the article points out that in the late Middle Ages Western Europe began to change from feudal relations of production to modern capitalist relations of production. It also briefly describes the research results and limitations of the cause of transformation at home and abroad, and points out the angles and methods of this study. The first chapter is the origin and characteristics of the feudal system. It mainly analyzes the historical background and historical conditions of the formation of the feudal system, and expounds the characteristics of the feudal system in the form of the relationship between the monarch and the courtiers. This paper briefly introduces the system of monarch and minister and their mutual rights and obligations. The second chapter is a brief description of the development of the feudal system in Western Europe and its own factors of decline, a brief analysis of the different conditions of the development of the feudal system in Britain and Western Europe continent and the internal factors leading to its decline. The third chapter is the economic factors of the decline of the feudal land system. It introduces the trade and industry of the 14-15 century with the commodity monetary relation as the link, and concludes the transformation of the production relations caused by the new economic relations caused by the development of the commodity economy. Then the economic factors leading to the decline of the feudal soil system are obtained because of the development of commodity economy. The fourth chapter is the social root of the decline of the feudal system, analyzes the labor force, social environment, social structure changes and other aspects of the decline of the feudal system. Finally, this paper concludes that the decline of the system in the middle and late Middle Ages is the result of the development of its own factors and the external factors of the development of economy and the change of social structure.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D756;K56

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