本文選題：PASOK + 福利制度��； 參考：《北京大學》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：本文主要討論希臘現(xiàn)代福利制度與社會政治文化中庇護主義、民粹主義和父權主義等社會特征之間的關系及福利制度建設中希臘模式是如何形成和發(fā)展的。 希臘福利制度起源于兩戰(zhàn)之間，在1980年代之后得到了快速發(fā)展。希臘福利制度的發(fā)展歷程與泛希臘社會主義運動黨（PASOK）有密切聯(lián)系。從1980年代開始，PASOK逐漸成為希臘的主要政黨，，并且是上個世紀80年代以來總執(zhí)政時間最長的希臘政黨。PASOK給希臘帶來了民主社會主義理念，這也是推動希臘福利制度發(fā)展的最大推動力之一。在經(jīng)歷了1980年代的飛速發(fā)展之后，希臘福利制度過快發(fā)展的弊端開始逐漸顯露。社會保障所占開支過大，而希臘在第二次石油危機中受自身產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構的制約，經(jīng)濟增長較為緩慢，希臘財政難堪重負。同時，公平性和效率性的缺失也逐漸成為希臘福利制度發(fā)展的制約因素。進入1990年代后，為了促進希臘經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展，希臘政府把進一步向歐盟靠攏作為首要戰(zhàn)略。為了滿足《馬斯特里赫特條約》的要求，順利加入歐元區(qū)，希臘必須要保證財政健康，重組政府債務和改革福利制度勢在必行。 在希臘的福利制度改革中，以減輕財政壓力為最根本出發(fā)點，對社會保障體系中愈發(fā)嚴重的不公正與保障效率低下問題并沒有給予足夠重視。希臘根深蒂固的庇護主義傳統(tǒng)影響下，各種利益集團同政黨政治結(jié)成共生體，影響了社會政策的公平性。而民粹主義和工團主義1980年代后的迅速發(fā)展推動各大工會逐漸成長為可以對社會政策產(chǎn)生重大影響的力量。社會碎片化和社會分裂動搖著達成一致意見的社會基礎。因此，福利制度改革屢屢由于社會反對力量過大而遭遇失敗。希臘引入了社會對話機制，緩解了緊張的社會對立局面，最終實現(xiàn)了加入歐元區(qū)的目標，但離根本上扭轉(zhuǎn)福利體制中的庇護色彩、改善體制中公平與效率的系統(tǒng)性缺失的最終目標仍然很遙遠，也為最終導致嚴重債務危機埋下了伏筆。 本文主要考察的是希臘當代福利制度發(fā)展與改革同希臘社會政治文化特征的關系。在分析過程中，主要以以下幾種社會和政治沖突為切入點：（1）社會不同階層之間的沖突，議會內(nèi)代表不同階層利益的黨派斗爭；（2）滲入到公民社會深層的政黨政治和庇護主義與理性主義的價值觀沖突；（3）相同階層內(nèi)不同政治主張擁躉者的沖突；（4）公民社會不能夠建立屬于自己的價值和規(guī)則體系，而只能依附于政府和政黨；（5）再分配制度不公正造成的受益者與受損者的沖突。 在對希臘社會政策的分析中，本文采用了羅威的“力量競技場”研究范式，通過對希臘1980年后到2004年前由PASOK主導的社會福利制度發(fā)展和改革中的重點社會政策按照其作用和性質(zhì)進行分配類社會政策、再分配類社會政策和管制（監(jiān)管）類社會政策等類別進行分類。通過對不同分類社會政策的不同作用的分析，來對希臘的具體社會政策進行分解和歸納，同時兼顧對政治經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的變化對希臘社會影響的分析。本文還將通過社會政策細分的方法來具體研究在各個政策領域中希臘福利制度發(fā)展的困局。從社會保障細分子項之間的關系來說，社會保障未能得到有效整合，就構不成社會安全網(wǎng)絡。而缺少有效社會安全網(wǎng)絡正是導致希臘財政投入與保障有效性不成正比的重要原因。 希臘的政治發(fā)展、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、社會發(fā)展，三者并不同步，這是造成很多現(xiàn)實問題的根源所在。隨著經(jīng)濟和社會的發(fā)展，產(chǎn)業(yè)類型和就業(yè)結(jié)構也在發(fā)生變化，而希臘的社會保障碎片化的狀況導致各個職業(yè)類別的保險基金發(fā)展水平參差不齊，在經(jīng)濟和社會基本環(huán)境發(fā)生變化的前提下，改革勢在必行。但改革在希臘當時的社會氛圍和社會文化中，難以凝聚社會共識，只能引發(fā)一次又一次的社會動蕩，無法達成既定目標。希臘的政治、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與社會發(fā)展始終無法協(xié)調(diào)，是福利制度建設中的最大問題。只有跳出利益固化陷阱，破開庇護主義網(wǎng)絡，才能充分發(fā)掘出福利制度對社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的巨大推動作用潛力并切實保障每位公民的保障權利。
[Abstract]:This article mainly discusses the relationship between the Greek modern welfare system and the socio political culture, the asylum, the populism and the patriarchy, and how the Greek model is formed and developed in the construction of the welfare system.
The Greek welfare system originated between the two wars and developed rapidly after 1980s. The development of the Greek welfare system was closely linked with the PASOK. Since 1980s, PASOK gradually became the main political party of Greece, and was the longest ruling Greek administration since the 80s last century. The party.PASOK has brought the concept of democratic socialism to Greece, which is one of the biggest driving forces to promote the development of the Greek welfare system. After the rapid development of the 1980s, the disadvantages of the rapid development of the Greek welfare system began to reveal gradually. The social security was overspending, and Greece was produced by itself in the second oil crisis. With the restriction of the industrial structure, the economic growth was slow and the Greek finance was embarrassed. At the same time, the lack of fairness and efficiency became the constraints of the development of the Greek welfare system. In order to promote the economic and social development of Greece, the Greek government took the EU closer to the European Union as the primary strategy after 1990s. The request of the Treaty of tegregt entered the euro area smoothly. Greece must ensure its financial health. It is imperative to restructure the government debt and reform the welfare system.
In the reform of the Greek welfare system, to reduce the financial pressure as the most fundamental point of departure, it has not given enough attention to the more serious injustice and inefficiency in the social security system. Under the influence of the deep-rooted Greek tradition of asylum, the various interest groups have formed a symbiosis with the political party, affecting the social policy. And the rapid development of the populism and the masses' doctrine after the 1980s promoted the growth of trade unions as a force that had a significant impact on social policies. Social fragmentation and social fragmentation shook the social basis for consensus. Therefore, the reform of the welfare system was often lost because of the overpower of social opposition. Defeat. Greece introduced the social dialogue mechanism, alleviated the tension of social confrontation, finally realized the goal of joining the euro area, but fundamentally reversed the asylum in the welfare system, and the ultimate goal of improving the systematic lack of fairness and efficiency in the system was still far away, and was also buried in the final cause of the serious debt crisis.
This article mainly examines the relationship between the development and reform of the Greek contemporary welfare system and the social and political cultural characteristics of Greece. In the process of analysis, the following social and political conflicts are the main points: (1) the conflict between different social strata, the party struggle representing the interests of different classes in the parliament; (2) infiltrating into the civil society deep. The conflict between the political party politics of the layer and the values of the rationalism; (3) the conflict of the supporters of different political advocates in the same class; (4) the civil society can not establish its own value and rule system, but can only attach to the government and the political party; (5) the conflict between the beneficiaries and the damaged people caused by the unjust redistribution system.
In the analysis of the social policy of Greece, this paper adopts the research paradigm of row's "power arena", and distributes social policies and controls (supervision and regulation) through the role and nature of key social policies in the development and reform of social welfare system led by PASOK from 1980 to 2004 in Greece. Classification of social policies and other categories. Through the analysis of the different roles of different social policies, the specific social policies of Greece are decomposed and summed up, and the influence of political and economic environment on the social impact of Greece is also taken into account. This article will also study the policy through the method of social policy subdivision. The predicament of the development of the Greek welfare system in the field. From the relationship between the fine elements of social security, the failure of social security to be effectively integrated is not a social security network. The lack of an effective social security network is an important reason why Greece's financial input and the effectiveness of security are not directly proportional.
The political development, economic development and social development of Greece are not synchronized with the three. This is the root of many practical problems. With the development of economy and society, the type of industry and the structure of employment are changing, and the fragmentation of social security in Greece leads to the uneven development of insurance funds in various occupational categories. The reform is imperative under the premise of the change in the basic environment of economy and society. But it is difficult to condense the social consensus in the social atmosphere and social culture of Greece at that time. It can only lead to the social unrest once again and again. The political, economic and social development of Greece can not be coordinated, it is the welfare system. The biggest problem in construction. Only by jumping out of the trap of interest and breaking the network of asylum, can we fully discover the great potential of the welfare system to promote the social and economic development and ensure the protection of every citizen.
【學位授予單位】：北京大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D754.5

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