發(fā)布時間：2018-05-25 13:53

  本文選題：查韋斯現(xiàn)象 + 21世紀(jì)社會主義�。� 參考：《中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 查韋斯是當(dāng)今時代最具代表性的拉美左派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之一。1998年以來,他連續(xù)3次當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)。時至2010年,這位左派民族主義者已經(jīng)連續(xù)擔(dān)任委內(nèi)瑞拉總統(tǒng)十年之久。在此期間,查韋斯推動委內(nèi)瑞拉實現(xiàn)對新自由主義模式的突破,并謀求建設(shè)“21世紀(jì)社會主義”。他在政治領(lǐng)域主張構(gòu)建參與式民主,使之取代代議制民主;在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域強調(diào)國家對經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的干預(yù),把國有化視為沖破發(fā)展障礙的重要戰(zhàn)略;在社會領(lǐng)域?qū)嵤┮幌盗猩鐣椖?維護(hù)社會公正;在國際關(guān)系領(lǐng)域呼吁改變現(xiàn)行的不合理國際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序,提出和實施一系列具有鮮明“替代”色彩的政策主張。查韋斯的內(nèi)政外交政策在國內(nèi)外產(chǎn)生廣泛影響,成為拉美國家以變革應(yīng)對全球化挑戰(zhàn)的突出范例,被視為拉美發(fā)展進(jìn)程中的“查韋斯現(xiàn)象”。 “查韋斯現(xiàn)象”是委內(nèi)瑞拉的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會狀況經(jīng)歷長期演變的產(chǎn)物。本文在研究這一現(xiàn)象的過程中,嘗試對查韋斯的政治理念和執(zhí)政實踐進(jìn)行全面地整理和分析,綜合吸收一系列有關(guān)查韋斯的中外研究成果,緊密跟蹤委內(nèi)瑞拉政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會狀況的動態(tài),借鑒和運用民主鞏固理論、憲政理論、反全球化理論和新自由主義理論,在此基礎(chǔ)上對“查韋斯現(xiàn)象”進(jìn)行全面透視,分析查韋斯政治理念的發(fā)展脈絡(luò),總結(jié)他為促進(jìn)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)-社會發(fā)展模式轉(zhuǎn)變而采取的重大措施,評估其執(zhí)政績效及其未來面臨的重大挑戰(zhàn)。 本文共有六章。第一章闡明“查韋斯現(xiàn)象”的內(nèi)涵、這一現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的歷史背景以及查韋斯在委內(nèi)瑞拉的執(zhí)政歷程。“查韋斯現(xiàn)象”產(chǎn)生的政治背景包括:精英政治色彩濃厚,兩大傳統(tǒng)政黨專權(quán);政府的治理能力存在嚴(yán)重欠缺;高度的政治排斥。經(jīng)濟(jì)背景包括:20世紀(jì)80年代和90年代實施的新自由主義改革未能使委內(nèi)瑞拉的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)在整體上得到重振,反而導(dǎo)致中下階層的生活水平直線下降;新自由主義改革缺乏國民共識,是一種迫于內(nèi)部困境和外部壓力而做出的被動選擇。社會背景包括:社會狀況在80年代和90年代趨于惡化,經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革造成的損失通過各種渠道轉(zhuǎn)嫁給中下層民眾。國際背景包括:美國及其控制的國際貨幣基金組織迫使委內(nèi)瑞拉實行新自由主義改革,使委內(nèi)瑞拉民族主義者擔(dān)憂本國的經(jīng)濟(jì)主權(quán)受到損害。 第二章分析查韋斯的執(zhí)政理念及其發(fā)展。查韋斯的執(zhí)政理念是理解和分析“查韋斯現(xiàn)象”的主線。查韋斯始終是新自由主義發(fā)展模式的激烈批評者,主張對委內(nèi)瑞拉既有的政治-經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式實現(xiàn)根本變革,推動國家走上一條符合自身國情的發(fā)展道路。他在執(zhí)政之初嘗試走“第三條道路”,為此掀起一場“玻利瓦爾革命”。伴隨政治立場的逐步激進(jìn)化,他把探索的目光轉(zhuǎn)向社會主義,以“21世紀(jì)社會主義”作為革命的指導(dǎo)理論,從尋找新自由主義的替代模式走向?qū)ふ屹Y本主義的替代模式。 第三章分析查韋斯執(zhí)政時期的政治變革。查韋斯政府謀求把代議制民主轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閰⑴c式民主,保障民眾對公共事務(wù)的充分參與,構(gòu)建一種對政治精英具有約束力的政治體制,以便使民主鞏固走向深化。為實現(xiàn)改造國家的構(gòu)想,查韋斯政府還大力強化聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)力,謀求建設(shè)一個強有力的國家機器。在這一過程中,委內(nèi)瑞拉統(tǒng)一社會主義黨(PSUV)宣告成立。查韋斯希望使之成為推動玻利瓦爾革命、建設(shè)“21世紀(jì)社會主義”的重要保證。 第四章分析查韋斯執(zhí)政時期的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式轉(zhuǎn)變和社會公正構(gòu)建。查韋斯認(rèn)為,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式的轉(zhuǎn)變需要大力強化國家對經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)能力,而強化國家對經(jīng)濟(jì)干預(yù)的主要途徑是國有化。查韋斯政府在執(zhí)政以來大力推行國有化。委內(nèi)瑞拉的這一輪國有化進(jìn)程始于石油業(yè),然后向電訊業(yè)、電力業(yè)、水泥業(yè)、鋼鐵業(yè)、銀行業(yè)等戰(zhàn)略部門擴(kuò)散,并波及非戰(zhàn)略部門的食品業(yè),從而使國家對經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)能力得到強化。 查韋斯希望委內(nèi)瑞拉實現(xiàn)“內(nèi)生發(fā)展”(endogenous development)�！皟�(nèi)生發(fā)展”意味著委內(nèi)瑞拉依靠自身條件發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì),把自然資源轉(zhuǎn)化為可用于消費或出口的產(chǎn)品,促進(jìn)社會化服務(wù)和本地化生產(chǎn)。查韋斯政府為實現(xiàn)“內(nèi)生發(fā)展”采取一系列政策措施,其中包括大力發(fā)展合作社和維護(hù)本國的糧食主權(quán)。 查韋斯政府致力于改善社會發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,在2003年以來大力實施30多個名為“使命”(misión)的社會計劃。石油收入被用于向民眾提供醫(yī)療服務(wù)、得到價格補貼的食品和教育培訓(xùn),以便滿足委內(nèi)瑞拉人的基本需求、促進(jìn)社會發(fā)展和更為公正地分配資源。 第五章分析查韋斯的國際戰(zhàn)略和外交政策。在查韋斯執(zhí)政的10余年期間,委內(nèi)瑞拉推行具有鮮明第三世界立場的國際戰(zhàn)略,把“南南合作”視為發(fā)展中國家實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)獨立和發(fā)展、改革現(xiàn)行國際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的關(guān)鍵途徑。委內(nèi)瑞拉以地區(qū)外交為核心,大力推動拉美國家、尤其是南美洲國家的團(tuán)結(jié)合作和一體化,一方面謀求加入南共市,一方面推動美洲玻利瓦爾聯(lián)盟的發(fā)展;在此基礎(chǔ)上深化和擴(kuò)大南南合作,提出一系列合作構(gòu)想,加強與新興發(fā)展中大國的關(guān)系;以能源外交拓展國際合作空間,保障石油收益的穩(wěn)定;參與變革國際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序,提出一系列有關(guān)國際金融體制改革的構(gòu)想;尋求制約美國的影響力,推動世界走向多極化。 第六章是對“查韋斯現(xiàn)象”的思考�！安轫f斯現(xiàn)象”的核心是委內(nèi)瑞拉對新發(fā)展模式的探索。經(jīng)過查韋斯的長期執(zhí)政,委內(nèi)瑞拉完成對新自由主義模式的替代,形成具有自身特點的“玻利瓦爾發(fā)展模式”。查韋斯的執(zhí)政還推動委內(nèi)瑞拉重塑政治體制,促進(jìn)民主鞏固進(jìn)程的深化,實現(xiàn)社會發(fā)展?fàn)顩r的改善。在可預(yù)見的未來,委內(nèi)瑞拉的社會主義建設(shè)將面對來自外部和內(nèi)部的兩大挑戰(zhàn)。外部挑戰(zhàn)是:如何保障建設(shè)社會主義進(jìn)程的穩(wěn)定和延續(xù)?內(nèi)部挑戰(zhàn)是:查韋斯及其支持者是否能夠通過體制內(nèi)道路建設(shè)“21世紀(jì)社會主義”?通過對“查韋斯現(xiàn)象”的研究,本文得出以下兩點啟示:啟示之一:維護(hù)社會公正是實現(xiàn)民主鞏固的關(guān)鍵因素。啟示之二:社會主義是全球化時代各國變革發(fā)展道路的重要選擇。
[Abstract]:Chavez, one of the most representative Latin American leaders in today's era, has been elected 3 consecutive presidents since.1998. In 2010, the leftist nationalist has been the president of Venezuela for ten years. During this period, Chavez pushed Venezuela to achieve a breakthrough in the Neo liberalism model and sought to build "2". In the field of socialism in the first Century, he advocated the construction of participatory democracy in the political field to replace the representative democracy; emphasized the state's intervention in economic life in the economic field, regarded nationalization as an important strategy to break through the obstacles to development; implemented a series of social projects in the social field, maintained social justice, and called for change in the field of international relations. The unreasonable international political and economic order, put forward and implement a series of policy ideas with distinct "alternative" colors. Chavez's internal and foreign policy has a wide influence at home and abroad, and has become a prominent example of the Latin American countries to cope with the challenges of globalization, and is regarded as the "Chavez phenomenon" in the process of the Latin American hair exhibition.
The "Chavez phenomenon" is the product of the long-term evolution of Venezuela's political, economic and social conditions. In the process of studying this phenomenon, this article tries to comprehensively organize and analyze Chavez's political ideas and practice, comprehensively absorb a series of research achievements on Chavez, and closely follow the politics of Venezuela. On the basis of the dynamics of governance, economic and social conditions, drawing on and using the theory of democratic consolidation, constitutional theory, anti globalization theory and Neo liberalism theory, the "Chavez phenomenon" is carried out in a comprehensive perspective, the development of Chavez's political ideas is analyzed, and the emphasis he has taken to promote the transition of the economic social development model to the country is taken as a summary. Major measures to assess its governance performance and major challenges ahead.
The first chapter has six chapters. The first chapter clarifies the connotation of "Chavez phenomenon", the historical background of this phenomenon and the ruling course of Chavez in Venezuela. The political background of "Chavez phenomenon" includes: the strong political color of the elite, the exclusive power of the two traditional political parties, the serious lack of governance in the government, and the high politics. The economic background includes: the new liberalism reform, which was implemented in 1980s and 90s, failed to reinvigorate Venezuela's national economy on the whole, but led to a straight decline in the living standard of the middle and lower strata; the new liberalism reform lacks the national consensus, and is a passive choice made by internal difficulties and external pressures. Social background includes the deterioration of social conditions in 80s and 90s, and the losses caused by economic recession and economic reform are transferred to the middle and lower people through various channels. The international background includes: the United States and its controlled International Monetary Fund have forced Venezuela to carry out a new self nationalist reform to make Venezuelan nationalists. Worry about the country's economic sovereignty is undermined.
The second chapter analyzes Chavez's ruling idea and its development. Chavez's ruling idea is the main line of understanding and analyzing the "Chavez phenomenon". Chavez is always a fierce critic of the new liberalism development model, and advocates the reform of the political and economic development model of Venezuela, and promotes the country to follow its own way. The development road of national conditions, he tried to take "third roads" at the beginning of the ruling, and set off a "Bolivar revolution". With the gradual evolution of political position, he turned his exploration to socialism and took "socialism of twenty-first Century" as the guiding theory of the revolution and looked for the alternative mode of finding new liberalism to look for. The alternative model of capitalism.
The third chapter analyzes the political change during the period of Chavez's ruling. The Chavez administration seeks to transform the representative democracy into a participatory democracy, to ensure the full participation of the public in public affairs and to build a political system binding on the political elite so as to make the consolidation of democracy deeper. The Chavez administration is the idea of realizing the reform of the country. We also strengthened the power of the federal government and sought to build a powerful national machine. In this process, the Venezuelan unified socialist party (PSUV) was declared to be established. Chavez hoped to make it an important guarantee for the Bolivar revolution and the construction of "socialism in the twenty-first Century".
The fourth chapter analyzes the transformation of economic development pattern and the construction of social justice during the period of Chavez's ruling. Chavez believes that the transformation of the economic development mode needs to strengthen the state's ability to intervene in the economy, and the main way to strengthen the state's economic intervention is nationalization. The government of Chavez has vigorously carried out nationalization since the administration. This process of nationalization began in the oil industry, then spread to the telecommunications, power, cement, steel, banking, and other strategic sectors of the food industry, which strengthened the state's ability to intervene in the economy.
Chavez wants Venezuela to achieve "endogenous development" (endogenous development). "Endogenous development" means Venezuela relies on its own conditions to develop the economy, transform natural resources into products that can be used for consumption or export, promote social services and localize production. The Chavez administration takes a line for the realization of "endogenous development". List policies and measures, including vigorously developing cooperatives and safeguarding their food sovereignty.
The Chavez administration is committed to improving social development and has vigorously implemented more than 30 social programs called "Misi n" since 2003. Oil revenues are used to provide medical services to the people, to receive food and education training in price subsidies to meet the basic needs of Venezuelan people, to promote social development and to be more impartial. Allocate resources.
The fifth chapter analyzes Chavez's international strategy and foreign policy. During the more than 10 years of Chavez's administration, Venezuela carried out an international strategy with a distinct third world position, which considered "South South cooperation" as a key way for developing countries to achieve economic independence and development and to reform the current international political and economic order. At the core of diplomacy, we will vigorously promote the unity, cooperation and integration of the Latin American countries, especially the South American countries. On the one hand, they seek to join the southern Communist market, on the one hand, promote the development of the American Bolivar alliance, and on this basis, deepen and expand South South cooperation, put forward a series of cooperation ideas, strengthen the relationship with the emerging developing countries, and take energy diplomacy. Expanding international cooperation space, ensuring the stability of oil revenue, participating in the reform of the international political and economic order, putting forward a series of ideas about the reform of the international financial system, seeking to restrict the influence of the United States and promoting the multi polarization of the world.
The sixth chapter is the thinking of "Chavez phenomenon". The core of "Chavez phenomenon" is Venezuela's exploration of the new development model. After Chavez's long-term administration, Venezuela completed the replacement of the new liberalism model and formed a "Bolivar development model" with its own characteristics. Chavez's ruling also promoted Venezuela. In the foreseeable future, the socialist construction of Venezuela will face two challenges from both outside and inside. In the foreseeable future, the socialist construction of Venezuela will face the two challenges from both outside and inside. The external challenge is: how to guarantee the stability and continuity of the socialist process of building the socialist process? The internal challenge is: Chavez and his supporters Can we build "the twenty-first Century socialism" through the system of the system? Through the study of the "Chavez phenomenon", this paper draws the following two enlightenments: one of the Enlightenment: the maintenance of social justice is the key factor for the realization of the consolidation of democracy. Two: socialism is an important choice for the change and development of the countries in the time of globalization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D777.4

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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1 賀欽;拉美替代一體化研究[D];中國社會科學(xué)院研究生院;2012年

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1 徐瑞;查韋斯“21世紀(jì)新社會主義”探析[D];東北師范大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號：1933351