本文選題：日本 + 移民政策��； 參考：《吉林大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：第一章,包括對論文的選題背景、研究問題、方法論以及文獻綜述的介紹。本研究致力于探討的問題是:雖然日本國內(nèi)非技術勞動力的持續(xù)短缺稱為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的不斷受挫的一個原因,但日本政府仍禁止國外非技術勞動力入境。由于日本政府非技術勞動力移民的限制政策,迫使生產(chǎn)部門選擇不得不去實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程機械化、合理化以及利用國內(nèi)勞動力資源等方式來面對這一政策帶來的問題。本文就上述問題進行深入研究。日本政府曾表示繼續(xù)堅持對國外非技術勞動力移民的限制是出于對本國薪資遭到侵蝕的擔憂。本研究不僅以用勞動經(jīng)濟學理論來檢驗這一論斷為目的,同時還要表明還有其他的非經(jīng)濟因素影響了日本政府對非技術勞動力所抱有的封閉態(tài)度。本文以勞動經(jīng)濟學家安娜·瑪麗亞·美達(Anna Maria Mayda)的《是誰在反對移民?對于移民的個人態(tài)度的跨國研究》一文中所用理論作為探討日本非技術勞動力移民問題的主要理論基礎。該理論指出經(jīng)濟和非經(jīng)濟是決定移民政策的分析面向,這一理論可以有效地解釋人們對于國家層面移民產(chǎn)生不同態(tài)度的原因。第二章,概述了日本移民問題的歷史態(tài)度和實踐。日本是世界上少數(shù)不使用大量非技術勞動力的先進工業(yè)國家之一,這一現(xiàn)象的原因被歸結為是國家要堅持種族的同質(zhì)性,從而使本國人對于日本社會向國外非技術勞動力開放的問題產(chǎn)生了消極態(tài)度。然而,從歷史上看,日本曾經(jīng)有大批的國民移民海外,同時其接收了大量的海外移民。換言之,由于受到國內(nèi)勞動力市場的限制,日本國民也曾一度離開國門,在海外尋找勞動機會(可能是非技術勞動力)。此外,在戰(zhàn)爭期間,隨著日本男性不斷被動員到戰(zhàn)場,國外非技術勞動力也被引入日本補充短缺的勞動力,以確保日本經(jīng)濟的持續(xù)運轉。這一事實說明,在面對戰(zhàn)爭期間非技術勞動力短缺的情況下,日本毫不猶豫地向國外非熟練勞動力敞開了大門,從而表明了政府對國外非技術勞動力對本國經(jīng)濟重要性以及提高經(jīng)濟活力的作用。然而,目前,日本社會面臨著相似的勞動力短缺的情況下(雖然沒有戰(zhàn)爭),日本政府卻采取了更加嚴格的措施禁止非技術勞動力的引進。上世紀八十年代,在兩次經(jīng)濟大繁榮之后,由于國內(nèi)非熟練勞動力的供應,不足以滿足國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需要,日本面臨著日益增長的全球移民的壓力。隨著大量為了尋求就業(yè)機會而前往日本的新移民的到來,日本政府發(fā)現(xiàn)保持開放的難度越來越大。所以,盡管勞動力嚴重短缺,日本政府也拒絕向非技術勞動力移民工作者打開國門。在1990年,日本政府修訂了《移民管理和難民承認法》——有效地禁止了外國非技術勞動力在日本就業(yè),同時也對協(xié)助國外非技術勞動力就業(yè)的雇主和代理人制定了嚴厲的處罰措施。從日本移民歷史和實踐情況來看,日本在鼓勵本國公民移民海外和引入外國移民有著獨特的經(jīng)驗。在面臨不斷增長的經(jīng)濟壓力(戰(zhàn)爭和經(jīng)濟繁榮)時,日本積極引進國外非技術勞動力,同時在其國內(nèi)勞動力市場飽和的狀況下,日本期望外國接受日本移民�，F(xiàn)實存在的問題與歷史經(jīng)驗所顯現(xiàn)出來的規(guī)律嚴重不符,因此對于日本現(xiàn)階段的態(tài)度會發(fā)生如此劇烈的變化的原因值得進一步研究。本研究的下一個步驟是通過一個理論框架來探討和解釋盡管當前日本經(jīng)濟發(fā)展對非技術勞動力有明顯的需求,但是仍舊禁止非技術移民的原因。第三章主要探討了可以解釋日本當前非技術勞動力移民限制的理論。本文的理論框架參考安娜·瑪麗亞·美達于2006年8月首次發(fā)表在《經(jīng)濟學與統(tǒng)計學評論》上、標題為《是誰在反對移民?對于移民的個人態(tài)度的跨國研究》中提出的關于移民政策偏好的假設。美達把對待移民態(tài)度的影響因素分成兩類:經(jīng)濟因素和非經(jīng)濟因素。對于經(jīng)濟因素,美達強調(diào)勞動力市場是影響當?shù)孛癖妼Υ泼駟栴}態(tài)度的主要決定因素,特別是移民對當?shù)氐氖袌龌貓蠓矫?即工資的影響。另外一個重要的經(jīng)濟決定因素則是移民對社會福利的影響。美達的研究進一步探討了影響移民態(tài)度的非經(jīng)濟決定因素,著重強調(diào)了對安全問題的關注產(chǎn)生的影響,以及文化和國家的認同問題。安全問題主要涉及到當?shù)鼐用衿毡檎J為與當?shù)鼐用裣啾?移民更有可能參與犯罪活動。另一方面,文化與國家認同問題通常與移民的固有的特質(zhì)有關:來自不同文化、起源和民族的人混合在一起,往往會引起沖突。第四章,本文將前文所詳述的理論應用到日本的具體案例中。該理論能夠解釋日本的實際情況。由于外籍非技術勞動力的增加會在一定程度上給日本本國國民工資的帶來了影響。我認為,這是日本非熟練勞動力的經(jīng)濟影響。此外,日本社會持續(xù)地對移民抱有負面情緒,這種情緒主要集中在安全和文化問題上。首先,日本社會存在著非常強烈的民族主義,原因要歸結于日本仍是一個文化同質(zhì)的社會。這種同質(zhì)化的環(huán)境可能會導致社會中的民眾傾向于維護當?shù)匾?guī)范、傳統(tǒng)和信仰體系的優(yōu)先地位以及構成日本民族的理念。最顯著的特點體現(xiàn)在確定國籍的血統(tǒng)主義原則上,父母中的一個或兩個人都是日本公民才能取得日本國籍,而與之相對的出生地主義原則(出生權),則只要求出生在該國就可獲得該國國籍。除此之外,日本媒體在移民問題上起到了一定的影響:日本媒體放大了日本移民的存在及其對犯罪活動的影響。大量日本民眾認為,相較于本國居民,移民更有可能參與犯罪活動。結論部分首先揭示了外國非技術勞動力的增加與同樣技術的日本本土勞動力的流失有著一定聯(lián)系。其次,日本社會對移民的消極態(tài)度是由民族主義情緒、對安全和文化侵蝕的擔憂以及媒體對外國人的報道所引發(fā)的。雖然這些研究結果解釋了日本目前對移民問題的態(tài)度,但這種態(tài)度不利于日本的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展前景。最后,本文對如何采取更有益的政策提出了一些建議。
[Abstract]:The first chapter, including the background of topic selection, research questions, methodology and literature review, is devoted to the question: Although the continuing shortage of non technical labor in Japan is called a cause of economic development, the Japanese government still prohibits the entry of foreign non technical labor force. The restrictive policy of non technical labor migration has forced the production departments to choose to realize the mechanization of the production process, rationalization and the use of domestic labor resources to face the problems brought by this policy. This paper has carried out a deep study on the above issues. The Japanese government has said that it has continued to adhere to the migration of foreign non technical labor force. This study not only uses labor economics to test this argument, but also shows that there are other non economic factors that affect the closed attitude of the Japanese government to the unskilled labor force. This article is based on labor economist Anna Maria Meda. Anna Maria Mayda) "who is the main theoretical basis for discussing the problem of Japanese non technical labor migration in the transnational research against immigration and the personal attitude of immigrants? The theory points out that economic and non economic is the analysis of immigration policy, which can effectively explain people to the country." The second chapter outlines the historical attitude and practice of the Japanese immigration problem. Japan is one of the few advanced industrial countries that do not use a large number of unskilled labor in the world. The reason is that it is attributed to the country's insisting on the identity of race, thus making the native people to the country to the country. In the past, Japan had a large number of immigrants overseas and received a large number of overseas immigrants. In other words, because of the restrictions on the domestic labor market, Japanese nationals were once separated from the open door to find labor opportunities overseas (perhaps unskilled). In addition, during the war, as Japanese men were constantly mobilized to the battlefield, foreign unskilled labor was introduced to Japan to supplement the shortage of labor to ensure the sustained operation of the Japanese economy. This fact shows that Japan is unhesitantly to foreign countries in the face of the shortage of unskilled labor during the war. The government has taken more stringent measures to ban unskilled labor, however, when Japanese society faces a similar labor shortage (although there is no war). In 80s last century, after the two economic boom, Japan faced a growing pressure of global immigration because of the supply of unskilled labor in the country, which was not sufficient to meet the needs of domestic economic development. With the arrival of a large number of new immigrants to Japan for employment opportunities, the Japanese government found that it remained open. In 1990, the Japanese government revised the immigration management and refugee recognition law, which effectively banned foreign non skilled labor in Japan and helped foreign non technical labor force in 1990. From the history and practice of Japanese immigrants, Japan has a unique experience in encouraging its citizens to emigrate overseas and to introduce foreign immigrants. In the face of growing economic pressure (war and economic prosperity), Japan actively introduces foreign non technical labor force, while at the same time When the domestic labor market is saturated, Japan expects foreign acceptance of Japanese immigrants. The existing problems are seriously inconsistent with the laws shown by historical experience. Therefore, the reasons for such violent changes in the present stage of Japan are worth further studying. The next step of this study is to adopt a theory. The framework is used to discuss and explain the reasons why the current economic development of Japan has obvious demand for non technical labor, but it still prohibits non technical immigrants. The third chapter mainly discusses the theory that can explain the current restrictions on non technical labor migration in Japan. The theoretical framework of this paper is referred to Anna Maria Meda in August 2006 for the first time. Published in the review of economics and statistics, the title of "who is against immigration? A Cross-Country Study on the personal attitude of immigrants?" the hypothesis of immigration policy preference. Mada divides the influence factors of immigrant attitudes into two categories: Economic and non economic factors. For economic factors, Mada emphasizes the labor market. The main determinants of local people's attitude towards immigration, especially the impact of migrants on local market returns, namely, wages, and the other important economic determinants are the impact of immigrants on social welfare. The impact of security concerns and the issue of cultural and national identity. Security concerns mainly that local residents generally believe that migrants are more likely to participate in criminal activities than local residents. On the other hand, cultural and national identity issues are usually related to the inherent characteristics of immigrants: from different cultures, origins and nationalities. In the fourth chapter, this article applies the theory described in the previous article to the specific case of Japan. This theory can explain the actual situation in Japan. Because the increase of foreign non technical labor force will affect the national wages of Japan to a certain extent. I think this is unripe Japan. In addition to the economic impact of the labor force. In addition, Japanese society continues to have negative feelings about immigration, which is mainly focused on security and cultural issues. First, there is a very strong nationalism in Japanese society, due to the fact that Japan is still a cultural homogeneous society. This homogeneous environment may lead to society. The people tend to maintain the local norms, the priority of the tradition and the belief system and the concept of the Japanese nation. The most striking feature is that one or two of the parents of the parents are Japanese citizens in order to acquire Japanese nationality, and the relative birth doctrine principle (birth right). In addition, the Japanese media have had a certain impact on immigration: the Japanese media have amplified the existence of Japanese immigrants and their impact on criminal activities. A large number of Japanese people think that migrants are more likely to participate in criminal activities than their own residents. There is a link between the increase in foreign non-technical labour force and the loss of the same technology in Japan. Secondly, the negative attitude of Japanese society to immigration is caused by nationalist sentiment, concerns about security and cultural erosion, and the media's reports on foreigners. The attitude of immigrants is not conducive to Japan's economic development prospects. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to adopt more beneficial policies.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D731.3

【相似文獻】

相關期刊論文 前2條

1 莊國土;張晶盈;;中國新移民的類型和分布[J];社會科學;2012年12期

2 張墨寧;;蔡f :教育要走出“負激勵”[J];南風窗;2012年04期

相關重要報紙文章 前2條

1 何帆;第二代改革為何如此之難[N];中國經(jīng)營報;2007年

2 胡鞍鋼;重新認識結構調(diào)整的政策含義[N];發(fā)展導報;2002年

相關碩士學位論文 前1條

1 Nhlanhla Junior John Ngulube;日本移民政策的困境—對外國非技術勞動力的需求與禁令[D];吉林大學;2017年

，

本文編號：1923995