本文選題：社會分裂 + 一黨獨大��； 參考：《復旦大學》2007年博士論文

【摘要】： 作為多黨制的一種特殊形式，獨大型政黨制度一直是比較政黨研究的重點。發(fā)生在實行獨大型政黨制度的國家政黨結(jié)構(gòu)的變化為政黨制度的研究提供了新的課題和空間。 在印度，獨立以來所形成的國大黨的一黨獨大體制長期被看作有助于實現(xiàn)多元分裂結(jié)構(gòu)之間的妥協(xié)和整合，一定程度上是印度社會作為一個統(tǒng)一的政治體系得以維系的重要因素。90年代以后，國大黨一黨獨大體制崩潰。政黨競爭的多元化和地方化并沒有使得后國大黨時代的印度政治走向分裂。在經(jīng)歷了政黨聯(lián)盟的分化組合和短暫的政治動蕩后，印度的政黨制度正在朝著穩(wěn)定的兩大黨制下的多黨競爭格局發(fā)展。本文以印度政黨制度演變的過程為分析對象，考察不同階段社會結(jié)構(gòu)對政黨競爭的影響，從而揭示社會結(jié)構(gòu)之間與政黨制度的關(guān)系。 本文的結(jié)構(gòu)分為五個部分。第一章主要介紹政黨制度研究的兩種方法——制度分析方法和社會分析方法，針對印度政黨制度的特點，本文將研究的視角主要集中在社會結(jié)構(gòu)方面。通過對印度社會的分裂結(jié)構(gòu)進行客觀的考察，闡述這些分裂結(jié)構(gòu)對政黨政治的影響，即政黨總是代表一定的社會結(jié)構(gòu)，是特定的社會結(jié)構(gòu)在政治上的反應。在獨立后的五十多年時間里，印度的社會結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了一定的變化，而政黨制度也從國大黨一黨獨大的體制轉(zhuǎn)向兩大黨制下的多黨競爭格局。 第二章以國大黨一黨獨大體制的演變過程為分析對象，探討分裂社會一黨獨大體制的困境。在獨立后的相當長時間里，國大黨得益于其在獨立運動中的歷史傳統(tǒng)和兼容并包的路線，建立起了獨大型的政黨制度。到80年代末期，獨大型政黨制度最終崩潰。國大黨衰落的原因有它自身組織建設(shè)的失敗、協(xié)商一致傳統(tǒng)的破壞、有效性的缺失。更主要的原因則存在于印度的社會分裂結(jié)構(gòu)。國大黨是作為一個主要植根于地方的，而非全國的分裂結(jié)構(gòu)的政黨出現(xiàn)的。它所代表的社會群體在不同的邦表現(xiàn)都不一樣：某些種姓、階級和種族群體在一個邦是國大黨的支持者(如在北方邦)，而在另一個邦則支持國大黨的反對黨(如在喀拉拉邦)。這些次級的分裂結(jié)構(gòu)并沒有擴展到全國范圍，國大黨是在最初的獨立運動和獨立初期的民族國家建設(shè)過程中利用它的象征地位和組織聯(lián)系克服了這種困難，而反對黨則沒有這種資源。到80年代以后，隨著現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展帶來的政治發(fā)展，政治動員及參與的方式和結(jié)果發(fā)生變化。印度的社會分裂結(jié)構(gòu)不是趨向于整合而是在政治上更加極化，基于分裂結(jié)構(gòu)的認同越來越成為政黨賴以生存的基礎(chǔ)，企圖通過走全方位路線的國大黨無法同時討好來自左右兩邊的支持者，維持其統(tǒng)治地位。 第三章主要從印度人民黨的崛起和人民黨的短暫歷史，分析國大黨一黨獨大體制衰落過程中聯(lián)邦政黨結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。從80年代中期開始，印度教社會興起了一股復興印度教的浪潮。由于國大黨在世俗主義路線上的退卻，印度教民族主義的活動逐漸獲得主流政治認同而取得合法性。作為對這種社會心理變化的結(jié)果，印度社會形成了一種以“印度教認同”為特征的思想浪潮。印度人民黨奉行印度教民族主義的意識形態(tài)正是對80年代印度社會思潮變化的反應。在獨立后的四十年中，國大黨政府沒有把印度從一個落后的、宗教對立的國家轉(zhuǎn)向一個真正的發(fā)達的、世俗主義的國家。它也沒有完成真正意義上的民族國家建設(shè)，宗教、種姓、民族的沖突使得形式上統(tǒng)一的印度社會實際上依然面臨著嚴重的分裂�；诠爬蟼鹘y(tǒng)和本土特征的印度教民族主義重新受到人們的重視。因此，印度人民黨興起的最主要原因在于80年代印度社會所發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)變化。無論是人民黨、共產(chǎn)黨，還是其它的像人民黨這樣的中間偏左的政黨，對印度問題的解決沒有離開國大黨的民族主義道路，它們最終不可避免地要跟著國大黨走，卻無法成為國大黨的替代力量。印度人民黨依靠其特殊的意識形態(tài)成為成為一黨獨大體制衰落后國大黨的主要競爭者。 第四章主要探討地方政黨發(fā)展對印度獨大型政黨制度演變的影響。地方政黨的形成與發(fā)展與獨立以來社會經(jīng)濟的利益分化和結(jié)構(gòu)變化相關(guān)。在“綠色革命”中興起的新興勢力、種姓結(jié)構(gòu)的變化、宗教勢力在政治上的復興等都促成了不同社會集團以組織政黨的方式影響政治的運作，在各邦形成了獨具特色的政黨制度。隨著國大黨在中央政府中一黨獨大地位的衰落和人民院中全國性政黨實力的整體下降，聯(lián)邦“懸浮議會”下的地方政黨越來越成為印度政壇中的重要政治力量。首先，從印度聯(lián)邦的權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)來看，地方政黨改變了議會的權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)，它瓜分了全國性政黨的選票，影響著聯(lián)合政府的組成和穩(wěn)定。另一方面，地方政黨在邦一級與全國性政黨展開競爭，形成了不同的地方政黨結(jié)構(gòu)模式，使得印度的政黨政治走向地方化，大大改變了獨立以來的聯(lián)邦——邦權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，并有可能使未來的印度聯(lián)邦——邦關(guān)系發(fā)展到一個新的階段。 第五章分析90年代以來獨大型政黨制度衰落后印度政黨制度的走向。隨著國大黨一黨獨大體制的衰落，印度政黨政治進入了一個多黨競爭和聯(lián)合政府的時期，，表現(xiàn)為兩大黨制下的多黨競爭格局。國大黨和印度人民黨成為主要政治中的兩極，是政治權(quán)力的主要競爭者。而地方政黨在聯(lián)邦政治中地位的上升使得它們成為多黨政治中不可忽視的力量。舊的政黨體制被打破，政黨結(jié)構(gòu)的分化和重組、政黨政治中的一致與沖突均在政治生活中得到反應。宗教、種姓、民族、階級等分裂結(jié)構(gòu)的相互交叉重疊的社會，使得在政黨競爭的結(jié)構(gòu)中，每一個行動者都無法依靠自身的社會基礎(chǔ)建立起絕對的多數(shù)地位，而必須與其它勢力妥協(xié)或結(jié)成聯(lián)盟。受多黨競爭和選舉政治的制約，90年代中期以后，政黨之間的競爭逐漸從無序化狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)向妥協(xié)與合作。隨著兩大黨制下的多黨競爭格局的確立，印度政黨政治逐漸走向穩(wěn)定。 通過對印度獨大型政黨制度演變的考察，可以得出本文的幾個一般結(jié)論： 第一，在多重分裂的社會結(jié)構(gòu)下，如果社會的分裂結(jié)構(gòu)不是趨向于整合而是在政治上更加極化，獨大型政黨制度就無法長期維持下去。 第二，獨大型政黨制度崩潰后政黨結(jié)構(gòu)的變化受到社會分裂結(jié)構(gòu)特征的影響。 首先，如果該社會的分裂結(jié)構(gòu)是相互交叉重疊的，那么在獨大型政黨體制崩潰后，政治中的行動者可以建立新的政治聯(lián)盟，新成新的穩(wěn)定政黨結(jié)構(gòu)。 其次，如果社會的分裂結(jié)構(gòu)提供了在中央和地方形成不同政黨結(jié)構(gòu)的機制，將會減少獨大型政黨制度演變對政治體系穩(wěn)定性帶來的壓力。在新的政黨結(jié)構(gòu)形成過程中存在更有利于趨向新秩序的因素。
[Abstract]:As a special form of multi-party system, the single large party system has always been the focus of comparative party research. The change of the political party structure in the implementation of a large single party system provides a new topic and space for the study of the party system.
In India, formed since the independence of the Congress party system has long been thought to aid in the multi cleavages of compromise and integration, to a certain extent after the India society as a unified political system is an important factor to maintain the country's.90, a big party party party competition system collapse. The diversification and localization did not make the post Congress of India's political parties to split. After the combination of differentiation and transient alliance of political turmoil, India party system is in a stable two party system of multi-party competition pattern development. Based on the evolution of Party System in India as the research object, study effect of social structure on different stages of party competition, so as to reveal the relationship between social structure and political system.
The structure of this paper is divided into five parts. Two: the method of system analysis and social analysis method of the first chapter mainly introduces the research of the party system, according to the characteristics of the India political party system, this paper will study mainly focused on the social structure. The objective of the study through the split structure of India society, describes the impact of these split the structure of party politics, the party always represents a certain social structure, social structure is a specific reaction in politics. After independence in fifty years time, the occurrence of certain changes in the social structure of India, but also from the Congress party system predominant party system to two party system of multi-party the pattern of competition.
The evolution of the second chapter to the Congress Party's one party system as the research object, to explore the social division of party system dilemma. For quite a long time after independence in Congress due to its independence movement and the history of the established route all-embracing, dominant type of party system. To the end of 80s. The predominant party system. The decline of the final collapse of Congress has its own organization construction failure, consensus traditional damage, the lack of effective division of social structure. The main reason lies in India. As a major party is rooted in place, rather than the party split structure. It represents the social groups in different states are not the same: some caste, class and racial groups is Congress in a state (as in Uttar Pradesh), and in another state Support the opposition Congress (as in Kerala). These secondary division structure does not extend to the country, Congress is to overcome this difficulty with its symbolic status and organization national construction process in the independence movement in the early period of the original and independent, and the opposition is no such resources. After 80s with the political development in modernization, political mobilization and participation in the way and the result of changes in the social structure of India is not split. But the political integration tends to become more polarized, more and more become the basis of identity split structure based on the survival of the party, to go through the full route Congress cannot also please from both the left and right sides supporters, to maintain its dominant position.
The third chapter mainly from the short history of the India people's party and the rise of people's party, the Federal Party structure change analysis of the Congress Party's one party system decline process. From the middle of 80s, Hindu society has been a revival of Hinduism in secular wave. With the Congress on the route of retreat, the Hindu nationalist activities gradually the mainstream of political identity and legitimacy. As a result of the social psychology change, India society has formed a "Hindu identity" as the characteristics of the ideological tide. The India people's party to teach India nationalist ideology is the change of the 80s India social thought reaction. After independence forty years, Congress the government did not take India from a backward country, religious opposition to a developed, secular nation. It is not finished The construction of the nation in the true sense of religion, caste, ethnic conflict has the form of a unified India society actually is still facing a serious split. Ancient traditions and local characteristics of Hindu nationalism to attention based on. Therefore, the main reason for the rise of the India people's party is the change of social structure in India in 80s no matter. The people's party, the Communist Party, or other such as the people's Party of the centre left parties, the settlement of the India issue did not leave Congress nationalist Road, they will inevitably follow the party go, but can not become the Congress alternative power. India people's party relying on its special ideology become the main competitors of the Congress party system after the decline.
The fourth chapter studies the influence of local political parties in India predominant party system. Since the formation and development of local political parties and independent interests differentiation and structure of social and economic changes. In the "new forces Green Revolution" ZTE the change of caste structure, religious forces in politics have contributed to the revival of different social groups to organize political parties influence political operation in various countries to form a unique political system. With the decline in the overall decline of Inc in the central government in the dominant position and the people's Hospital of national political power, local party and federal "suspended parliament," the more important political forces in India in the political arena. First of all, from the power structure of the Commonwealth of India, the local party changed the power structure of the parliament, it divided up the national party vote, affect joint The combination of government and stability. On the other hand, the local political parties in the state level and national political competition, forming a pattern of local party structure is different, that India's political parties to place, has greatly changed since the independence of the federal - state power structure, and may make the future of the Commonwealth of India: the development of state relations to a new stage.
Analysis of the trend since 90s, the predominant party system after the decline of India party system in Chapter fifth. With the decline of the Congress Party's one party system, Party Politics in India has entered a multi-party competition and coalition government period, the performance of the two major parties under the multi-party competition pattern. The party and the people's party in India has become a major political the two main competitors of political power. And the rising status of local political parties in federal politics make them a force to be reckoned with in multiparty politics. The old political system is broken, differentiation and reorganization of the party structure, consistency and conflict in party politics were reflected in political life. Religion, caste that nation, cross class split structure overlapping society, the structure of party competition, each actor can rely on to establish its social base of the vast The number and position, and other forces must compromise or alliance. Restricted by multi-party competition and electoral politics, after the middle of the 90s, the competition between the parties gradually from disorderly state to compromise and cooperation. With the establishment of the two party system of multi-party competition, India party politics gradually stabilized.
Through the investigation of the evolution of the single large party system in India, we can draw several general conclusions in this paper.
First, under the multi splitting social structure, if the split structure of society is not tending to integrate, but more polarised politically, the large single party system cannot be maintained for a long time.
Second, the change of the political party structure after the collapse of the single large party system is influenced by the characteristics of the social separatist structure.
First of all, if the split structure of the society is overlapping and overlapping, after the collapse of the large party system, the actors in the political field can create new political alliances, new and new stable party structures.
Secondly, if the cleavage structures provide different mechanisms of party structure in the central and local, will reduce the predominant party system to bring pressure on the stability of political system. The new trend is more conducive to the order of the factors. In the formation of new political structure

【學位授予單位】：復旦大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：D735.1

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

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