本文選題：蘇丹　切入點(diǎn)：內(nèi)戰(zhàn)　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：自1956年獲得獨(dú)立以來(lái),蘇丹一直面臨著連綿不絕的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。這是南蘇丹反對(duì)基于地域和種族的政治邊緣化而展開的斗爭(zhēng)。蘇丹內(nèi)戰(zhàn)在國(guó)內(nèi)外產(chǎn)生了重要影響,不僅對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)帶來(lái)?yè)p害,而且其影響外溢到鄰國(guó)地區(qū),產(chǎn)生了大量難民。而且,還有些國(guó)家試圖通過(guò)給予某一派別以軍事支持從而推進(jìn)自身利益。于是內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的結(jié)果就是這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成為地區(qū)沖突的一部分。當(dāng)參戰(zhàn)方于2005年簽訂全面和平協(xié)議時(shí),這標(biāo)志著和平調(diào)解進(jìn)程的成功。這一標(biāo)志性成就主要?dú)w功于東非政府間發(fā)展組織(IGAD)。東非政府間發(fā)展組織參與其中,是因?yàn)榉侵藿y(tǒng)一組織(即后來(lái)的非洲聯(lián)盟)和聯(lián)合國(guó)支持了一個(gè)地區(qū)性組織,以解決包括蘇丹內(nèi)戰(zhàn)在內(nèi)的非洲之角地區(qū)沖突。普遍認(rèn)為,東非政府間發(fā)展組織能夠幫助推動(dòng)這場(chǎng)沖突的解決。本研究試圖明確東非政府間發(fā)展組織在蘇丹和平調(diào)解進(jìn)程中所發(fā)揮的作用。具體而言,本研究旨在分析東非政府間發(fā)展組織于1996至2005年間在蘇丹和平調(diào)解進(jìn)程中所發(fā)揮的作用,評(píng)估該地區(qū)組織在蘇丹和平調(diào)解進(jìn)程中的機(jī)制,以及檢驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蚪忉屧摻M織的作用以及促成其取得成功的各項(xiàng)因素。本研究運(yùn)用了調(diào)解理論,該理論由亞當(dāng)·科爾建立,它適用于理解和分析蘇丹和平進(jìn)程。本研究運(yùn)用這一理論來(lái)評(píng)估東非政府間發(fā)展組織在蘇丹和平進(jìn)程中所發(fā)揮的作用,并且闡述東非政府間發(fā)展組織在該進(jìn)程中的作用。同時(shí),本文使用了案例研究以獲得對(duì)于次地區(qū)組織解決蘇丹問(wèn)題的富有洞察性的見解。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),東非政府間發(fā)展組織能夠在解決蘇丹長(zhǎng)期內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中發(fā)揮重要作用,推動(dòng)蘇丹政府和蘇丹人民解放運(yùn)動(dòng)共同簽訂全面和平協(xié)議。這份協(xié)議的簽署,標(biāo)志著蘇丹沖突的正式終結(jié)以及南北方統(tǒng)一政府的形成。本文還探討了內(nèi)外行為體在協(xié)議簽署中的關(guān)鍵作用。本文分為五章。第一章是導(dǎo)論,第二章是對(duì)蘇丹沖突的介紹,第三章討論了1996至2005年間東非政府間發(fā)展組織在蘇丹和平調(diào)解進(jìn)程的介入,第四章討論了促成東非政府間發(fā)展組織成功調(diào)解蘇丹沖突的因素。最后,第五章總結(jié)了本文的結(jié)論并提出了相應(yīng)的建議。在第二章中,本文介紹了自1956年獨(dú)立以來(lái)蘇丹沖突的背景。本章為理解東非政府間發(fā)展組織如何推動(dòng)沖突的解決提供了基礎(chǔ)。本章追溯了沖突的歷史,強(qiáng)調(diào)了沖突背后存在的主要行為體和問(wèn)題。本章內(nèi)容還探討了沖突的原因和結(jié)果,提出歷史上殖民主義者在國(guó)內(nèi)各派別敵意的形成中發(fā)揮了重要作用。這突出表現(xiàn)在殖民者的分化統(tǒng)治政策,邊界劃定,治理結(jié)構(gòu)以及對(duì)南部地區(qū)民眾的利用。第三章檢驗(yàn)了1996至2005年期間東非政府間發(fā)展組織對(duì)蘇丹沖突的參與及其建立的機(jī)制。本章主要關(guān)注了該地區(qū)組織建立的調(diào)解機(jī)制,幫助推動(dòng)各派別返回談判桌,并最終導(dǎo)致全面和平協(xié)議的簽訂。這些機(jī)制都是在蘇丹和平調(diào)解進(jìn)程中所建立的,也是本章分析的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。1993年,第一常務(wù)委員會(huì)的創(chuàng)立,這表明東非政府間發(fā)展組織對(duì)解決蘇丹沖突的首次參與。該機(jī)制回應(yīng)了地區(qū)民眾對(duì)于社會(huì)和政治平等的需求。在這一委員會(huì)之后,它推動(dòng)成立了第一、第二馬查科斯機(jī)制和奈瓦沙機(jī)制,以及全面和平協(xié)議的簽署,并最終結(jié)束了蘇丹內(nèi)部沖突,賦予了南部蘇丹民眾自決的權(quán)利�？梢�,正是在這些機(jī)制的推動(dòng)下,各斗爭(zhēng)派別簽署了全面和平協(xié)議,并針對(duì)不同問(wèn)題展開了直接協(xié)商。第四章分析了使得東非政府間發(fā)展組織得以成功調(diào)解蘇丹沖突的主要因素。本章分析了推動(dòng)?xùn)|非政府間發(fā)展組織幫助解決沖突的直接內(nèi)部因素與間接外部因素。其中,直接內(nèi)部因素包括:個(gè)人層面,軍事局勢(shì)以及來(lái)自東非政府間發(fā)展組織成員國(guó)的壓力。東非政府間發(fā)展組織內(nèi)部存在有能力的調(diào)解者,比如lazarosombeiwo等,他們有意愿也有能力使戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)各方參與和談。軍事局勢(shì)因素主要涉及各派別得到其他國(guó)家的支持,互相競(jìng)爭(zhēng),同時(shí)又不想失去在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)。在東非政府間發(fā)展組織成員國(guó)壓力方面,各國(guó)希望通過(guò)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終結(jié)的契機(jī)帶來(lái)外部資金的投入。特別在相關(guān)國(guó)家缺乏資源的情況下,他們希望得到外部資助來(lái)發(fā)展國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)。另外,本章還分析了外部行為體的作用,比如美國(guó)不斷對(duì)蘇丹政府施加壓力,敦促其盡快結(jié)束沖突。在外部行為體中,美國(guó)是最主要的因素,它通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁等手段對(duì)蘇丹政府施加壓力。特別是蘇丹政府對(duì)恐怖主義團(tuán)伙的支持,推動(dòng)美國(guó)為東非政府間發(fā)展組織提供更多支持。本章內(nèi)容還探討了全面和平協(xié)議的主要特征,即結(jié)束內(nèi)戰(zhàn),使南部蘇丹民眾獲得自決權(quán)以及與宗教的分離。在最后一章中,本文總結(jié)了結(jié)論并提出了相應(yīng)的對(duì)策建議。本文認(rèn)為,通過(guò)建立相應(yīng)的調(diào)解機(jī)制,加之內(nèi)部和外部因素的推動(dòng),東非政府間發(fā)展組織能夠幫助解決蘇丹內(nèi)部沖突。在本研究中,筆者建議相關(guān)各方需要投入更多的資源及建立解決問(wèn)題的合作機(jī)制。最后,本文的研究有助于了解蘇丹內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的背景以及東非政府間發(fā)展組織在次區(qū)域中所發(fā)揮的作用。
[Abstract]:Since independence in 1956, Sultan has faced the civil war. This is in an unbroken line of South Sultan against the political marginalization of regional and ethnic based on struggle. The civil war in Sultan has an important influence at home and abroad, not only bring harm to the domestic, but also the effects of spillover into neighbouring regions, resulting in a large number of refugees. And also, some countries tried to give one faction to promote their own interests with military support. So the result of the civil war is part of this war into regional conflicts. When war in 2005 signed a comprehensive peace agreement, which marks the peace process was successful. This landmark achievement is mainly attributed to the IGAD (IGAD). The IGAD involved, because of the organization of African Unity (later African Union) and the United Nations support a regional organization in solution The horn of Africa, including the conflict of civil war in Sultan. It is generally accepted that the IGAD can help promote the resolution of the conflict. This study attempted to clarify the development of the East African intergovernmental organizations in Sultan play a role in the process of peace and reconciliation. Specifically, this study aims to analyze the IGAD in 1996 to 2005 years in the Sultan peace process in the role played by the regional organization evaluation mechanism in the Sultan Peace mediation in the process of inspection, and to explain the role of the organization and the factors contributed to its success. The use of the mediation theory, the theory established by Adam Kerr, it is suitable for the analysis and understanding of peace the process of Sultan. This study uses the theory to evaluate the development of the East African intergovernmental organization plays a role in the peace process in Sultan, and on East African government The role of development organizations in the process. At the same time, this paper uses case study to obtain the sub regional organizations to solve the Sultan problem insightful opinions. The study found that the IGAD can play an important role in the settlement of the Sultan long civil war, the government of Sultan and promote people's Liberation Movement of Sultan signed a comprehensive a peace agreement. The signing of this agreement, marking the official end of the conflict in Sultan and the formation of the north and South unified government. This paper also discussed the key role of internal and external actors in the signing of the agreement. This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, the second chapter is on the conflict in Sultan, the third chapter discusses the 1996 to in 2005 years the IGAD Peace mediation process in Sultan's intervention, the fourth chapter discusses the factors that contribute to the IGAD mediation of the conflict in Sultan. The most successful After the fifth chapter summarizes the conclusions and puts forward some corresponding suggestions. In the second chapter, this paper introduces the conflict in Sultan since independence in 1956. The background of this chapter is to understand the IGAD to solve how to promote conflict provides the foundation. This chapter traces the history of conflicts, highlighted the main conflict behind the body and problems. This chapter also discusses the reasons and results of the conflict, the colonial history in the form of domestic hostile factions has played an important role. This is highlighted in the colonial rule policy differentiation, boundary delimitation, governance structure and the use of the people of southern area. In the third chapter the inspection during the period 1996 to 2005 the IGAD involvement on the conflict in Sultan and the establishment of the mechanism. This chapter mainly focuses on the mediation mechanism of the establishment of regional organization, to help promote factions To return to the negotiating table, and eventually signed a comprehensive peace agreement. These mechanisms are established in the Sultan peace process, but also the key content of this chapter of.1993, founded the first standing committee, which indicates that the IGAD to solve for the first time in the Sultan conflict. The mechanism of the response area the people for the social and political equality requirements. After this committee, it promoted the establishment of the first second Machakos mechanism and the Naivasha mechanism, and signed a comprehensive peace agreement, which ended Sultan internal conflict, gives people the right to self-determination of the southern part of Sultan. It is visible in this mechanism under the the struggle, factions signed a comprehensive peace agreement, and launched a direct negotiation for different problems. The fourth chapter analyzes the development of the East African intergovernmental organization to be successful mediation of the conflict in Sultan The main factors. This chapter analyzes the promoting the IGAD help solve the conflict and direct and indirect external factors. The internal factors which include direct internal factors: the individual level, the military situation and from members of the organization of the pressure of development of the East African intergovernmental intergovernmental organization development in East Africa. Within the ability of the mediator, for example lazarosombeiwo, they will also have the ability to make war parties involved in the peace talks. The military situation factors mainly related to the various factions have the support of other countries, competing with each other, and do not want to lose the advantage in battle. The development of the member countries of the organization of government pressure in East Africa, countries hope to bring external funds by the end of the war the opportunity investment. Especially in the relevant countries lack the resources, they hope to get external funding to domestic economic development. In addition, this chapter also analyzes the external Department of actors, such as the United States continues to put pressure on Sultan's government, urging them to end the conflict as soon as possible. In the external actors, the United States is the most important factor, it through economic sanctions and other means to put pressure on Sultan's government. Especially the Sultan government support for terrorist groups, pushing the United States for the IGAD to provide more support. This chapter also discussed the main features of the comprehensive peace agreement, that is the end of the civil war, the southern Sultan people get the right of self-determination and separation and religion. In the last chapter, this paper summarizes the conclusion and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. This paper argues that, through the establishment of mediation mechanism, promote coupled with the internal and external factors, the IGAD can help solve the internal conflict in Sultan. In this study, the author suggested that the relevant parties need to invest more resources and construction Finally, the research in this paper will help us to understand the background of the civil war in Sultan and the role played by the East African intergovernmental development organization in the sub region.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D814.1;D741.2

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