本文選題：國(guó)民陣線　切入點(diǎn)：瑪麗娜·勒龐　出處：《北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：國(guó)民陣線(Front National)作為法國(guó)極右翼政黨,在法國(guó)的政黨光譜中占據(jù)最右的地位,其觀點(diǎn)保守,口號(hào)激進(jìn),民粹主義和新種族主義特征明顯,但卻在近年來迅速發(fā)展壯大,逐漸成為僅次于法國(guó)左翼社會(huì)黨(parti socialiste)和中右翼人民運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)盟(UMP,Union pour un mouvement populaire)的第三大政黨。在法國(guó)這樣一個(gè)宣揚(yáng)民主,以"自由平等博愛"為國(guó)家格言的現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家中,國(guó)民陣線逐漸吸引著大量法國(guó)公民,對(duì)法國(guó)政壇產(chǎn)生了不可小覷的影響,其中原因十分值得深度挖掘。本文主要研究的是2011年1月以來,也就是國(guó)民陣線新任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人瑪麗娜·勒龐(Marine le Pen)1上臺(tái)后國(guó)民陣線的轉(zhuǎn)型,以及導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)生的原因。本文首先對(duì)國(guó)民陣線的發(fā)展歷程做以簡(jiǎn)要介紹,后對(duì)其意識(shí)形態(tài)和性質(zhì)進(jìn)行分類和定義,以此來作為本篇論文的背景介紹。國(guó)民陣線的轉(zhuǎn)型主要體現(xiàn)在五個(gè)方面,分別是國(guó)民陣線政治主張的調(diào)整、政治影響力的提升,選民基礎(chǔ)的擴(kuò)大,網(wǎng)絡(luò)新媒體的宣傳和"去妖魔化"的推廣,從這些方面可以看出,"新"國(guó)民陣線和老勒龐時(shí)期的國(guó)民陣線相比有了比較明顯的變化。而產(chǎn)生這些變化的原因,則值得進(jìn)行深入探究,本文將"新"國(guó)民陣線調(diào)整原因分為國(guó)際環(huán)境、法國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)環(huán)境和政黨自身三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行研究。從外部環(huán)境來講,首先,隨著歐洲一體化的不斷深入,歐洲各國(guó)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化聯(lián)系日益緊密,歐盟等超國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)的建立在機(jī)制上暴露了一定問題,在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)和歐洲次貸危機(jī)后,由于歐洲各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系緊密,各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)普遍陷入低迷狀態(tài)。而國(guó)民陣線提出的"退出歐元區(qū),恢復(fù)法郎"則被認(rèn)為是有效解決方式之一。其次,整個(gè)歐洲范圍內(nèi)的恐怖組織活動(dòng)日益猖獗,法國(guó)成為重點(diǎn)打擊對(duì)象�？植朗录l發(fā)不僅嚴(yán)重影響了法國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì),更對(duì)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定帶來了巨大的沖擊,而歐盟申根協(xié)定更是為極端分子的流竄提供了便利,法國(guó)人民在社會(huì)恐慌中極力尋求和平安穩(wěn)。另外,隨著中東地區(qū)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)的惡化,歐洲范圍內(nèi)爆發(fā)難民危機(jī)。法國(guó)本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)已自顧不暇,還要耗費(fèi)巨額資金安置難民,源源不斷的難民涌入給法國(guó)造成負(fù)擔(dān),威脅了社會(huì)安定,難民的涌入方便了恐怖分子的竄通,引起眾多法國(guó)人的不安與擔(dān)憂。從法國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)環(huán)境來講,第一,法國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在受到重創(chuàng)后恢復(fù)緩慢,復(fù)蘇趨勢(shì)不容樂觀,法國(guó)失業(yè)率高居不下,社會(huì)福利制度弊端逐漸暴露,人民生活水平下降。第二,經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)低迷帶來的社會(huì)穩(wěn)定性下降,社會(huì)階層對(duì)立明顯,社會(huì)矛盾激化,中下層人民面臨失業(yè)危機(jī)和生存危機(jī),國(guó)民陣線將社會(huì)問題歸咎于移民,為社會(huì)弱勢(shì)人群的失意找到了合適的理由。第三,面對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)危機(jī),傳統(tǒng)兩大黨派政策低效,作為甚微,引起民眾強(qiáng)烈失望和不滿的情緒,或是為了懲罰政府,或是追求與眾不同,眾多選民被迫選擇新的嘗試,因此在國(guó)民陣線中看到了新的希望。第四,大量穆斯林移民導(dǎo)致法蘭西文化面臨危機(jī),法國(guó)文化與伊斯蘭文化的不兼容導(dǎo)致民族沖突不斷激化,法國(guó)認(rèn)同受到威脅,越來越多的人開始抵制穆斯林移民。從國(guó)民陣線自身來講,由于老勒龐的言論激烈,觀點(diǎn)偏激,對(duì)國(guó)民陣線的黨派形象塑造產(chǎn)生了很大的負(fù)面影響,而"新"國(guó)民陣線不再滿足于在野黨的身份,想爭(zhēng)取執(zhí)政機(jī)會(huì),就必須有效改善國(guó)民陣線在國(guó)民心目中的形象,瑪麗娜·勒龐企圖通過"去妖魔化"來達(dá)到這一目的,使一個(gè)極端黨派逐漸成為一個(gè)"正常化"的黨派,同事改組內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),加強(qiáng)黨內(nèi)團(tuán)結(jié),減輕大眾的抵觸心理,擴(kuò)大選民基礎(chǔ),這種需求作為內(nèi)生驅(qū)動(dòng)力促使"新"國(guó)民陣線必須盡快完成轉(zhuǎn)型�？傊�,國(guó)民陣線在2011年至今政治地位顯著提高的原因是多方面作用的共同結(jié)果。盡管國(guó)民陣線的主張和意識(shí)形態(tài)帶有民粹主義色彩,但隨著世界局勢(shì)的緊張、國(guó)內(nèi)環(huán)境的緊迫和政黨自身的改革,國(guó)民陣線在經(jīng)過40多年的醞釀后在2011年開始爆發(fā)其多方面影響力,并且有持續(xù)壯大的可能。
[Abstract]:The National Front (Front National) as the French far right party, occupy the right position of political parties in France in the spectrum, the conservative and radical populist slogans, and the new racism characteristic is obvious, but in recent years the rapid development, gradually become the second law of the left-wing Socialist Party (PartI Socialiste) and the right-wing people's movement (UMP, Union pour UN alliance mouvement Populaire) of the third major political parties in France. Such a democracy, the state motto in modern countries with "love of freedom and equality", the national front gradually attract a large number of French citizens, have important influence on French politics, the reason is very worthy of deep mining in this paper. The research is since January 2011, is also the National Front's new leader Marina Bon (Marine Le Pen) 1 transformation of the National Front Office, and the lead technician The reason. Firstly, the development history of the National Front briefly, on the ideology and the nature of the definition and classification, as the background of this paper is introduced. The transformation of the national front is mainly reflected in five aspects, namely the national front political advocate political adjustment, enhance the influence the expansion of the electorate, the new network media propaganda and to demonize the promotion, these areas can be seen from the "new" national front and the old Bon period of the national front, compared with the more obvious changes. Reasons for these changes, it is worthy of further exploration, the "new" the National Front adjustment reason is divided into the international environment, the domestic environment of France and the party itself in three aspects. First, from the external environment, with the deepening of European integration, Europe between economy, politics, culture Contact more closely, the establishment of the European Union and other supranational institutions in the mechanism has exposed some problems in the world economic crisis and Europe after the subprime crisis, the economic ties between European countries closely, the economic downturn in the state. The general national front put forward "out of the euro zone, restoring the franc" is considered as one of the ways effective solution. Secondly, the whole of Europe within the scope of the terrorist organization is rampant, France has become the focus of the fight against objects. Frequent terrorist incidents not only affected the French economy, more on social stability has brought tremendous impact, while the EU Schengen agreement but also facilitated the extremists fled, the French people in the society to panic seek peace and stability. In addition, with the deterioration of the situation of war in the Middle East, the European outbreak of the refugee crisis. The national economy has also spent huge amounts of French conditions. Funding for refugees, the influx of refugees Everfount burden to France, threatening the social stability, the influx of refugees to facilitate terrorist channeling, causing many French discomfort and concern. From the French domestic environment, first, the French economy has been hit hard in the slow recovery, the recovery trend is not optimistic, the high unemployment rate in France no, the social welfare system gradually exposed, people's living standards decline. Second, a decline in economic downturn has brought social stability, social class opposition is obvious, the social contradictions, the lower class people facing unemployment crisis and survival crisis, the national front will blame immigration for social problems, social vulnerable groups are found reason. Third, in the face of domestic crisis, the traditional two party policy inefficient, as little backlash, disappointment and dissatisfaction, or to punish. The government, or the pursuit of out of the ordinary, many voters were forced to choose a new attempt, so to see the new hope in the National Front in fourth. A large number of Muslim immigrants, leading to the French culture crisis, due to the incompatibility of ethnic conflicts continue to intensify the French culture and Islamic culture, the French identity is threatened, more and more people began to resist Muslim immigrants from the National Front itself, because the old Bon's speech is intense, extremist views, the negative impact of the National Front Party image, and the "new" national front is no longer satisfied with the opposition party's identity, want to fight for the opportunity to govern, we must improve the National Front in the national image of Marina Bon. Attempt to demonize to achieve this goal, make an extreme partisanship has gradually become a "normal" of the party, the internal structure of colleagues reorganization, Strengthen party unity, reduce the public psychological conflict, expansion of the electorate, this demand as the endogenous driving force of the "new" national front must complete the transition as soon as possible. In short, the national front has significantly improved the status of political reasons in 2011 is a common result of multiple effects. Although the national front views and ideology with populism. But as the world tensions, the reform of the domestic environment and urgency of the Party national front after 40 years of brewing after the outbreak began in 2011 of its various influence, and may continue to grow.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D756.5

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