民國(guó)前期哈爾濱慈善救濟(jì)事業(yè)研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-03-09 11:42
【摘要】：中華民國(guó)成立以后,政治制度與經(jīng)濟(jì)制度發(fā)生改變,慈善救濟(jì)事業(yè)也因此進(jìn)入一個(gè)嶄新的發(fā)展階段。民國(guó)前期,新開(kāi)埠的哈爾濱作為新興城市,近代工商業(yè)、教育事業(yè)得到快速發(fā)展,外國(guó)僑民的存在,帶來(lái)了眾多的宗教團(tuán)體,也引入了西方文化,由此催生了新知識(shí)分子、工人及商人階層,加之該時(shí)期哈爾濱自然災(zāi)害頻仍、兵災(zāi)匪患不斷、外省難民涌入、國(guó)外僑民眾多,導(dǎo)致哈爾濱慈善救濟(jì)事業(yè)發(fā)展。該時(shí)期哈爾濱慈善有團(tuán)體數(shù)量多、救濟(jì)組織結(jié)構(gòu)合理、施救方式多等特點(diǎn)。哈爾濱救濟(jì)事業(yè)有政府參與。民國(guó)政府為約束賑災(zāi)活動(dòng),制定了義倉(cāng)管理、救災(zāi)資金管理等有效的規(guī)定;建立了官辦慈善機(jī)構(gòu)、防疫處,為應(yīng)對(duì)災(zāi)民,建立了政府義倉(cāng),減小了災(zāi)害來(lái)臨時(shí)的救援難度,對(duì)緩減災(zāi)難起到積極作用;但由于政府救濟(jì)經(jīng)費(fèi)主要來(lái)源于政府撥款,所以政府救濟(jì)往往有限。對(duì)于弱勢(shì)群體,政府發(fā)展了貧、難民救濟(jì)事業(yè)、婦嬰孤老救濟(jì)事業(yè)、貧困兒童教育事業(yè)、醫(yī)療防疫事業(yè),甚至開(kāi)展了貧民工廠進(jìn)行工賑,這些措施既保障了弱勢(shì)群體的基本生活需求,也對(duì)穩(wěn)定社會(huì)起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。哈爾濱慈善事業(yè)有民間參與。民國(guó)初期的戰(zhàn)亂及政治問(wèn)題,導(dǎo)致政府救濟(jì)不充分,這催生了眾多民間慈善團(tuán)體、宗教慈善團(tuán)體及個(gè)人慈善。世界紅十字會(huì)濱江分會(huì)進(jìn)行人道救助,俄僑慈善團(tuán)體的兒童會(huì)、救濟(jì)會(huì)、保育院、孤兒院、收容所對(duì)俄僑及其他難民進(jìn)行了救助,民間的慈善團(tuán)體也發(fā)揮了一定的救助作用;哈爾濱眾多宗教團(tuán)體雖然帶有殖民色彩,但是,為了傳播宗教也進(jìn)行了一些救助活動(dòng),這促進(jìn)了醫(yī)療教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展,對(duì)中國(guó)早期慈善事業(yè)產(chǎn)生了一定的影響。哈爾濱慈善救濟(jì)事業(yè)帶來(lái)了一些作用與啟示。民初哈爾濱慈善救濟(jì)事業(yè)推動(dòng)了慈善事業(yè)的近代化,提高了全民慈善救濟(jì)意識(shí),促進(jìn)了社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定和進(jìn)步,對(duì)教育醫(yī)療等事業(yè)的發(fā)展起到了積極的作用。但是,民國(guó)前期哈爾濱慈善有一定的局限性,雖然政府制定了一些列措施、政策,但由于經(jīng)費(fèi)來(lái)源不足、慈善機(jī)構(gòu)缺乏統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督,導(dǎo)致慈善救濟(jì)效果不顯著,救助力度不強(qiáng),民間、宗教、個(gè)人慈善在政府救濟(jì)有限的情況下,會(huì)起到補(bǔ)充作用。在慈善救助中,政府需要提高慈善救濟(jì)的工作地位,制定切實(shí)可靠的救濟(jì)措施,明確救災(zāi)方針,并且建立起一個(gè)可監(jiān)督慈善救濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的組織,完備救濟(jì)管理工作體系,充分發(fā)揮民間救援力量,可以彌補(bǔ)救濟(jì)效率低下、救援力度不強(qiáng)的問(wèn)題。
[Abstract]:After the founding of the Republic of China, the political system and economic system changed, so charity relief entered a new stage of development. In the early period of the Republic of China, Harbin, as a newly opened city, developed rapidly in modern industry and commerce, and the existence of foreign nationals brought many religious groups and introduced western culture, thus giving birth to new intellectuals. The class of workers and businessmen, together with the frequent natural disasters in Harbin during this period, the constant suffering of soldiers and bandits, the influx of refugees from other provinces and the large number of overseas Chinese, led to the development of charity relief in Harbin. During this period, Harbin charity has many characteristics, such as the number of groups, the reasonable structure of relief organizations, the rescue methods and so on. Harbin relief cause has the government participation. In order to restrain disaster relief activities, the government of the Republic of China has formulated effective regulations such as the management of benevolent warehouse and the management of disaster relief funds. Set up the government charity organization, epidemic prevention department, in order to deal with the victims, set up the government bunker, reduced the difficulty of rescue when the disaster came, and played a positive role in mitigating the disaster; But because the government relief funds mainly come from the government funds, so the government relief is often limited. For the disadvantaged groups, the government has developed poverty, refugee relief, maternal, infant, orphan and elderly relief, education for poor children, medical and epidemic prevention, and even carried out work relief in factories for the poor. These measures not only guarantee the basic living needs of vulnerable groups, but also play a vital role in stabilizing society. Harbin charity has private participation. The war and political problems in the early Republic of China led to inadequate government relief, which led to the emergence of a large number of non-governmental charities, religious charities and individual charities. The World Red Cross Binjiang Branch carries on the humanitarian assistance, the Russian overseas Chinese charity association, the relief society, the nursing home, the orphanage, the shelter carries on the aid to the Russian overseas Chinese and the other refugees, the non-governmental charity also has the certain relief function; Although many religious groups in Harbin have colonial color, but in order to spread religion, some relief activities have been carried out, which has promoted the development of medical education and has a certain impact on China's early philanthropy. Harbin charity relief cause has brought some function and enlightenment. At the beginning of the Republic of China, the charity relief in Harbin promoted the modernization of charity, raised the consciousness of charity relief, promoted the stability and progress of society, and played a positive role in the development of education and medicine. However, in the early period of the Republic of China, Harbin charity has certain limitations. Although the government has formulated a number of measures and policies, but due to insufficient funding sources and lack of unified supervision of charitable organizations, the effect of charity relief is not significant, and the strength of relief is not strong. Folk, religious, and personal philanthropy will complement the government's limited relief. In charitable relief, the government needs to improve the working status of charitable relief, formulate practical and reliable relief measures, clarify disaster relief policies, and establish an organization that can supervise charitable relief institutions, and complete relief management system. Give full play to the civilian rescue forces, can make up for the low efficiency of relief, rescue efforts are not strong problems.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D693.66
本文編號(hào)：2437417
[Abstract]:After the founding of the Republic of China, the political system and economic system changed, so charity relief entered a new stage of development. In the early period of the Republic of China, Harbin, as a newly opened city, developed rapidly in modern industry and commerce, and the existence of foreign nationals brought many religious groups and introduced western culture, thus giving birth to new intellectuals. The class of workers and businessmen, together with the frequent natural disasters in Harbin during this period, the constant suffering of soldiers and bandits, the influx of refugees from other provinces and the large number of overseas Chinese, led to the development of charity relief in Harbin. During this period, Harbin charity has many characteristics, such as the number of groups, the reasonable structure of relief organizations, the rescue methods and so on. Harbin relief cause has the government participation. In order to restrain disaster relief activities, the government of the Republic of China has formulated effective regulations such as the management of benevolent warehouse and the management of disaster relief funds. Set up the government charity organization, epidemic prevention department, in order to deal with the victims, set up the government bunker, reduced the difficulty of rescue when the disaster came, and played a positive role in mitigating the disaster; But because the government relief funds mainly come from the government funds, so the government relief is often limited. For the disadvantaged groups, the government has developed poverty, refugee relief, maternal, infant, orphan and elderly relief, education for poor children, medical and epidemic prevention, and even carried out work relief in factories for the poor. These measures not only guarantee the basic living needs of vulnerable groups, but also play a vital role in stabilizing society. Harbin charity has private participation. The war and political problems in the early Republic of China led to inadequate government relief, which led to the emergence of a large number of non-governmental charities, religious charities and individual charities. The World Red Cross Binjiang Branch carries on the humanitarian assistance, the Russian overseas Chinese charity association, the relief society, the nursing home, the orphanage, the shelter carries on the aid to the Russian overseas Chinese and the other refugees, the non-governmental charity also has the certain relief function; Although many religious groups in Harbin have colonial color, but in order to spread religion, some relief activities have been carried out, which has promoted the development of medical education and has a certain impact on China's early philanthropy. Harbin charity relief cause has brought some function and enlightenment. At the beginning of the Republic of China, the charity relief in Harbin promoted the modernization of charity, raised the consciousness of charity relief, promoted the stability and progress of society, and played a positive role in the development of education and medicine. However, in the early period of the Republic of China, Harbin charity has certain limitations. Although the government has formulated a number of measures and policies, but due to insufficient funding sources and lack of unified supervision of charitable organizations, the effect of charity relief is not significant, and the strength of relief is not strong. Folk, religious, and personal philanthropy will complement the government's limited relief. In charitable relief, the government needs to improve the working status of charitable relief, formulate practical and reliable relief measures, clarify disaster relief policies, and establish an organization that can supervise charitable relief institutions, and complete relief management system. Give full play to the civilian rescue forces, can make up for the low efficiency of relief, rescue efforts are not strong problems.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D693.66
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