【摘要】：眾所周知,美國(guó)是由眾多外來(lái)移民和后裔組成的國(guó)家,其建國(guó)、國(guó)家發(fā)展與外來(lái)移民密切相關(guān)。建國(guó)以來(lái)美國(guó)政府不斷探索適合本國(guó)國(guó)情的移民政策,從滿(mǎn)足本國(guó)建設(shè)出發(fā),美國(guó)政府總體上對(duì)外來(lái)移民持歡迎態(tài)度。1882年美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)頒布了《排華法案》,它標(biāo)志著美國(guó)自由移民政策時(shí)期的終結(jié),宣告了限制性移民政策的開(kāi)始。20世紀(jì)20年代,移民限額法的確立致使非法移民問(wèn)題開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)。隨著美國(guó)限制性移民政策的演變,非法移民問(wèn)題不斷發(fā)展。時(shí)至20世紀(jì)80年代,非法移民問(wèn)題越演越烈,美國(guó)政府開(kāi)始重視這一問(wèn)題。在美國(guó)的非法移民群體構(gòu)成中,墨西哥非法移民所占比例最大。雖然墨西哥非法移民對(duì)美國(guó)的發(fā)展做出了一定的貢獻(xiàn),但是它產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響擾亂了美國(guó)社會(huì)的正常秩序。出于保護(hù)國(guó)家利益的實(shí)用性考慮,美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府先后頒布了《1986年移民改革與控制法》和《1996年非法移民改革與移民責(zé)任法》兩部針對(duì)性的法律,遏制以墨西哥非法移民為主的非法移民發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。盡管聯(lián)邦政府采取了更為嚴(yán)厲的措施,但墨西哥非法移民依然難以得到控制。作為長(zhǎng)期困擾美國(guó)社會(huì)的難題,墨西哥非法移民問(wèn)題值得深入探討。本文第一部分從解析美國(guó)非法移民的概念入手,緊接著回顧了墨西哥非法移民三次“北上”美國(guó)的歷史軌跡。第二部分分析了美國(guó)方面的“拉動(dòng)力”因素。其中,美國(guó)勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)需求是墨西哥非法移民產(chǎn)生的根源。此外,1965年以來(lái)美國(guó)實(shí)施的限制性移民政策、邊境管理的漏洞、國(guó)內(nèi)執(zhí)法的不當(dāng)之處也是造成墨西哥非法移民屢禁不止的原因。第三部分章論述了墨西哥方面的“推動(dòng)力”因素。墨西哥落后的經(jīng)濟(jì)與人口膨脹壓力、鼓勵(lì)性的移民政策、北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)市場(chǎng)作用促成了本國(guó)移民的“推力”。第四部研究了非法移民的社會(huì)催化因素。移民網(wǎng)絡(luò)的存在、人口走私組織等因素使美國(guó)的墨西哥非法移民難以得到有效控制。最后筆者得出結(jié)論,在美墨雙方及社會(huì)因素的作用下,墨西哥非法移民只有可能暫時(shí)受到抑制。想要解決墨西哥非法移民問(wèn)題,美國(guó)和墨西哥雙方都應(yīng)做出努力,但同時(shí)也必須看到杜絕美國(guó)的墨西哥非法移民任重而道遠(yuǎn),不可能在短期內(nèi)得到徹底解決。
[Abstract]:As we all know, the United States is composed of many immigrants and descendants, its national development and immigration are closely related. Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, the US government has continuously explored immigration policies suited to its own national conditions, starting from satisfying its own country's construction. The United States Government generally welcomed immigrants. In 1882, the United States Congress enacted the Chinese exclusion Act, which marked the end of the period of free immigration policy in the United States and declared the beginning of restrictive immigration policy in the 1920s. The establishment of the immigration quota law makes the problem of illegal immigration begin to appear. With the evolution of restrictive immigration policy in the United States, illegal immigration continues to develop. During the 1980 s, the problem of illegal immigration became more and more serious, and the American government began to attach importance to it. Mexico accounts for the largest proportion of illegal immigrants in the United States. Although Mexican illegal immigrants have contributed to the development of the United States, its negative effects have disturbed the normal order of American society. In view of the practicability of protecting national interests, the United States Federal Government successively promulgated two targeted laws, the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act and the 1996 illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration liability Act. To curb the development trend of illegal immigrants mainly in Mexico. In spite of tougher federal measures, illegal immigration in Mexico remains difficult to control. As a problem that has plagued American society for a long time, the problem of illegal immigrants in Mexico deserves to be discussed in depth. The first part of this paper begins with the analysis of the concept of American illegal immigrants, and then reviews the historical track of three "northward" American illegal immigrants from Mexico. The second part analyzes the American "pull power" factors. Among them, the demand of American labor market is the root of Mexican illegal immigration. In addition, the restrictive immigration policy, the loopholes in border management and the improper domestic law enforcement in the United States since 1965 also contributed to the repeated prohibition of illegal immigrants in Mexico. The third chapter discusses the "driving force" factors in Mexico. Mexico's backward economy and population expansion pressure, encouraging immigration policies, the North American Free Trade area market role contributed to the "push" of the country's migrants. The fourth part studies the social catalytic factors of illegal immigration. The existence of immigration networks and human smuggling organizations make it difficult to effectively control the illegal immigrants of Mexico in the United States. Finally, the author concludes that under the influence of American and Mexican social factors, Mexican illegal immigrants can only be temporarily restrained. Both the United States and Mexico should make efforts to solve the problem of illegal immigrants in Mexico, but it must also see that eliminating illegal immigrants from Mexico in the United States has a long way to go and cannot be solved completely in the short term.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D523.8;D871.2

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