【摘要】： 犯罪從來不是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的現(xiàn)象，它是相關(guān)因素互相作用的結(jié)果，同時(shí)它也與相關(guān)致因和導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果形成互動(dòng)關(guān)系。當(dāng)然，這種關(guān)系是有規(guī)律可尋的。只有通過理性的思考與實(shí)證的調(diào)研科學(xué)地認(rèn)識(shí)了相關(guān)規(guī)律，才能從總體上有效調(diào)節(jié)和控制一社會(huì)犯罪的總體態(tài)勢(shì)。 一般認(rèn)為，對(duì)犯罪產(chǎn)生影響的因素非常復(fù)雜，包括人本身的生理、心理機(jī)制問題，社會(huì)各種外界因素對(duì)人的影響。隨著人類文明的進(jìn)步，人與人的交流與溝通更加頻繁與高效，人類構(gòu)建的各種管理、服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)也更為復(fù)雜，人的社會(huì)化程度較之以往越來越高，同時(shí)人們對(duì)社會(huì)的依賴性相應(yīng)也越來越強(qiáng)。因而社會(huì)中各種因素對(duì)人的行為的直接和間接的影響力都在無形之中成倍地增加，比如當(dāng)今世界更加緊密、繁榮與激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素、更加富有爭(zhēng)議的政治因素、更加受到狂熱崇拜的宗教因素、更加面臨危機(jī)的各地傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗等等。而作為這些因素的有機(jī)復(fù)合體——文化，自然而然地就在特定的時(shí)期與特定的犯罪形成了一種息息相關(guān)的關(guān)系。由于文化本身的歷史性、地域性與包容性特征，決定了文化內(nèi)涵的復(fù)雜性，即人類社會(huì)中總是一直存在和演變著各種各樣的文化類型。在一定時(shí)空范圍內(nèi)，各種類型的文化之間或相互和諧或相互沖突，這種狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)，伴隨人類存在的始終。 從犯罪原因論的角度來看，犯罪產(chǎn)生于特定的文化。文化是同一人類群體在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)形成的一種生活習(xí)慣的積淀，受制于特定的社會(huì)政治、宗教、經(jīng)濟(jì)、地理環(huán)境等因素。文化在人的社會(huì)化進(jìn)程中起著非常重要的作用，一方面，它形成并發(fā)展著人們穩(wěn)定的同質(zhì)價(jià)值觀，另一方面，社會(huì)中又必然同時(shí)存在著大量多元的異質(zhì)文化，導(dǎo)致價(jià)值觀念沖突，影響著人們?cè)诓煌膬r(jià)值取向下的作為或不作為。在一個(gè)相對(duì)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的文化群體中，當(dāng)特定個(gè)體深受亞文化、異質(zhì)文化的熏染時(shí)，其行為必然會(huì)違反多數(shù)人所認(rèn)可的主流方式，而在行為上呈現(xiàn)出反社會(huì)性。在彼此不斷的沖突中，被一種文化群體認(rèn)可但不能被主文化體或人類社會(huì)所認(rèn)同的“犯罪文化”及其犯罪行為便由此產(chǎn)生，當(dāng)法律將這些行為加以禁止性規(guī)定時(shí)，便成為犯罪。 從犯罪與文化的互動(dòng)關(guān)系來看，犯罪與文化總是處于相互影響之中，哪一方的波動(dòng)都可能引發(fā)對(duì)方的變化。我們既可以發(fā)現(xiàn)各種可能導(dǎo)致違法犯罪的文化因素自身存在著內(nèi)部之間的聯(lián)系，如文化沖突中各種文化的此起彼伏、此消彼長(zhǎng)；也能夠看到，犯罪與這些文化形成不宜為人所察覺的互動(dòng)關(guān)系，如文化的變遷引發(fā)新的犯罪定義并消除一些已為人們?nèi)萑袒虺蔀樯鐣?huì)發(fā)展一部分的原先的犯罪，而犯罪行為對(duì)一地區(qū)的人文風(fēng)氣從消極方面來看會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同程度的侵蝕，從積極方面來看卻也可能會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)科技和法治的進(jìn)步提供一定的刺激。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，各種文化因素中，對(duì)犯罪影響較大或者說更容易與犯罪相聯(lián)系的文化現(xiàn)象表現(xiàn)為移民文化沖突、亞文化群和個(gè)人激進(jìn)文化主義等。在移民產(chǎn)生的文化沖突中，既會(huì)引發(fā)移入者的文化不適，也會(huì)導(dǎo)致本地居民的困惑和內(nèi)心沖突，進(jìn)而引發(fā)誤解型與沖突型違法犯罪：與主流文化相對(duì)應(yīng)的亞文化群則通過特殊認(rèn)同的團(tuán)體集結(jié)的形式，更容易受到青少年的青睞，特別是借助當(dāng)今網(wǎng)絡(luò)力量，使許多自制力不強(qiáng)、有越軌思想或行為的人更加深陷其中難以自拔，而逐漸走向違法犯罪的邊緣；個(gè)人激進(jìn)文化代表的往往是一種特定方面未來文化的發(fā)展方向，但是在一定時(shí)期和范圍內(nèi)，這種超前的理念和行為方式一般不能被公眾所認(rèn)同，有時(shí)甚至?xí)蚍梁λ嘶騻鹘y(tǒng)社會(huì)秩序而被認(rèn)定為違法犯罪。 從犯罪預(yù)防的角度來看，僅僅對(duì)犯罪進(jìn)行事后的刑事懲罰是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，治理違法犯罪的關(guān)鍵在于調(diào)整易于引發(fā)犯罪的相關(guān)社會(huì)因素并通過社會(huì)政策影響和生物藥理治療來矯治部分人群的不良人格。德國(guó)教育刑大師李斯特教授早就說過，，最好的社會(huì)政策就是最好的刑事政策。因而，在認(rèn)識(shí)到文化因素作為犯罪根本原因、文化與犯罪的互動(dòng)關(guān)系，尤其是文化沖突與亞文化對(duì)犯罪的影響時(shí)，我們就要利用發(fā)現(xiàn)的規(guī)律，通過文化政策對(duì)文化因素的調(diào)整，達(dá)到徹底預(yù)防和矯治犯罪的目的。如當(dāng)前我國(guó)政府所提倡的和諧文化思想，在犯罪預(yù)防方面就起到了通過化解過于激烈的文化沖突進(jìn)而減少相關(guān)犯罪(如暴力犯罪)的積極作用。
[Abstract]:The crime is never an independent phenomenon, it is the result of the interaction of the relevant factors, and it also forms an interactive relationship with the result of the relevant cause and the result. Of course, this relationship is a rule that can be found. Only through rational thinking and empirical research, the general situation of a society crime can be effectively adjusted and controlled. It is generally considered that the factors that have an impact on the crime are very complex, including the human's own physiological, psychological mechanism and various external factors. With the progress of human civilization, people's communication and communication with people are more frequent and efficient, the various management and service institutions of human construction are more complex, and the degree of socialization of people is higher and higher than in the past, and the dependence of people on society As a result, the direct and indirect influence of various factors on human behavior in society has increased exponentially, such as the more compact, prosperous and competitive economic factors in the world today, the more controversial political factors, and the cult worship. Religious factors that are more exposed to the crisis. As an organic complex _ culture of these factors, the organic complex _ culture, as these factors, naturally forms an interest-bearing interest in a specific period of time and a specific crime Due to the historical, regional and inclusive character of the culture itself, the complexity of the cultural connotation is determined, that is, the human society has always existed and evolved in various ways The type of culture. In a range of time and space, various types of cultures, or from one another, or from one another, have continued, with humanity. All the time. From the point of view of the theory of crime, A culture is the accumulation of a living habit formed by the same human group in a considerable period of time, subject to specific social and political, religious, The culture plays a very important role in the process of people's socialization, on the one hand, it forms and develops the people's stable and homogenous values, on the other hand, there is a large number of heterogeneous heterogeneous in the society Culture, resulting in value conflicts, affecting people at different prices The act or omission of the value orientation. In a cultural group in a relative domain, when a particular individual is deeply influenced by the subculture and the foreign culture, the behavior of the specific individual must be in violation of the dominant mode recognized by the majority. The 鈥渢he culture of crime鈥

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