本文選題：中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨 + 外資企業(yè)�。� 參考：《西南交通大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：反對(duì)帝國(guó)主義對(duì)中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)侵略和取締其在華特權(quán),本是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的民族民主革命的基本任務(wù)之一。但是,新中國(guó)成立前后,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在對(duì)待在華外資企業(yè)這一復(fù)雜、艱難的具體問(wèn)題時(shí),并未停留在“打倒帝國(guó)主義”的革命口號(hào)層面上,而是審時(shí)度勢(shì),從實(shí)際出發(fā)探索具體的政策和辦法。解放戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨對(duì)在華外資企業(yè)還基本停留在理論認(rèn)識(shí)的層面。早期中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人反對(duì)外國(guó)資本對(duì)中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)侵略,主張沒(méi)收在華外資企業(yè)；土地革命時(shí)期,對(duì)在華外資企業(yè)認(rèn)識(shí)逐漸實(shí)現(xiàn)了從沒(méi)收到有條件利用的轉(zhuǎn)變,轉(zhuǎn)變的原因是共產(chǎn)國(guó)際的影響和中共對(duì)中國(guó)革命認(rèn)識(shí)的加深�？谷諔�(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期,中共提出建立廣泛的民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線,表示要積極爭(zhēng)取國(guó)外的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助,允許和鼓勵(lì)外資企業(yè)的存在和發(fā)展,提出了戰(zhàn)后利用外資發(fā)展中國(guó)工業(yè)化的設(shè)想。隨著解放戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的發(fā)展,中共在接管城市的過(guò)程中開(kāi)始更多地直接面對(duì)在華外資企業(yè)。中共從恢復(fù)和穩(wěn)定城市經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序出發(fā),實(shí)行了保護(hù)在華外資企業(yè)所有權(quán),允許其在遵守政府法令下,維持正常經(jīng)營(yíng)等政策。新中國(guó)成立后,毛澤東確立了“一邊倒”的外交方針,主張同蘇聯(lián)、東歐等社會(huì)主義國(guó)家發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)交流與合作,執(zhí)行直接利用外資的政策；就外國(guó)在華企業(yè),黨中央在堅(jiān)決取消外資企業(yè)在中國(guó)擁有一切特權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)其實(shí)行了監(jiān)管和利用的政策。監(jiān)管就是使其遵守人民政府法令,規(guī)定其經(jīng)營(yíng)范圍,反對(duì)投機(jī)經(jīng)營(yíng)和違法經(jīng)營(yíng)；利用就是運(yùn)用其人力、資力和國(guó)外的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系,促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的恢復(fù)和發(fā)展。朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā)改變了新中國(guó)面臨的國(guó)際環(huán)境,新中國(guó)與西方發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系由戰(zhàn)前趨于緩和轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閿硨?duì)狀態(tài),利用西方國(guó)家在華外資企業(yè)的政策面臨新的考量。國(guó)際環(huán)境的變化,導(dǎo)致了中國(guó)與西方經(jīng)濟(jì)往來(lái)的嚴(yán)重受阻,迫使中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在國(guó)家安全的壓力下,優(yōu)先選擇以蘇聯(lián)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)集中配置資源、優(yōu)先發(fā)展重工業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,蘇聯(lián)、東歐等社會(huì)主義國(guó)家對(duì)華經(jīng)濟(jì)援助的實(shí)踐及其經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)；同時(shí),中國(guó)利用西方國(guó)家在華企業(yè)的可能性大為降低,政策實(shí)踐全面停頓,以英、美、法為代表的西方國(guó)家在華外資企業(yè)在中國(guó)的地位和作用發(fā)生了變化,生存空間逐漸喪失。1953年社會(huì)主義改造開(kāi)始后,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨將消滅資本主義私有制作為實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義的重要手段,對(duì)在華外資企業(yè)的全面改造成為了中國(guó)社會(huì)主義改造的一部分。從此,在華外資企業(yè)開(kāi)始在上海等城市出現(xiàn)大量衰退的局面。中共在對(duì)在華外資企業(yè)改造的實(shí)踐中,探索出了以“轉(zhuǎn)讓”為主的擠壓方式,運(yùn)用合理、合法的經(jīng)濟(jì)手段完成了在華外資企業(yè)的改造,通過(guò)商業(yè)談判完成對(duì)在華外資企業(yè)資產(chǎn)負(fù)債的轉(zhuǎn)讓和企業(yè)職工的安置,最終將其轉(zhuǎn)化為國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè),成為社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的有機(jī)組成部分。到1956年底社會(huì)主義改造基本完成時(shí),在華外資企業(yè)基本退出中國(guó)。在華外資企業(yè)在中國(guó)社會(huì)主義改造時(shí)期的全線退出,一則表明外資企業(yè)在中國(guó)失去了生存空間,二則表明當(dāng)時(shí)的中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人在社會(huì)主義的理論和實(shí)踐中,存在著對(duì)資本主義尤其是外國(guó)資本主義的天然“敵視”,存在著對(duì)單一公有制和高度集中的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的“偏愛(ài)”。新中國(guó)成立前后,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外形勢(shì)的變化,逐步形成了監(jiān)管、利用和清退在華外資企業(yè)的系列政策。在政策的探索實(shí)踐過(guò)程中,理論的錯(cuò)誤與正確交織,產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與教訓(xùn)是馬克思主義中國(guó)化研究的重要議題。回顧與反思1946—1956年間中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨對(duì)在華外資企業(yè)的政策,是研究中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論發(fā)展與實(shí)踐歷程的應(yīng)有之題,也是馬克思主義中國(guó)化研究不可或缺的重要內(nèi)容,也將為中國(guó)進(jìn)一步對(duì)外開(kāi)放提供有益的啟示。
[Abstract]:It is one of the basic tasks of the national democratic revolution, led by the Communist Party of China, to oppose imperialist economic aggression against China and to ban its privileges in China. But, before and after the founding of the new China, the Communist Party of China did not stay in the "overthrow imperialist" revolution in dealing with the complex and difficult specific problems of foreign enterprises in China. Before the liberation war, the Communist Party of China was still in the theoretical understanding of foreign capital enterprises in China. The early Chinese Communists opposed foreign capital to China's economic aggression, advocated that they did not accept foreign capital enterprises in China; in the period of the land revolution, China was in China. The understanding of foreign enterprises has gradually realized the transformation that has never been used in conditions of utilization. The change is due to the influence of the Communist International and the deepening of the Chinese Communist Party's understanding of the Chinese revolution. During the war of resistance against Japan, the Communist Party of China proposed the establishment of a broad national united front, indicating that it should actively strive for foreign economic assistance and allow and encourage the existence and development of foreign-funded enterprises. With the development of the war of liberation, the Communist Party of China began to face the foreign capital enterprises in China more directly with the development of the war of liberation. The Communist Party of China, starting from the restoration and stabilization of the urban economic order, carried out the protection of the ownership of foreign invested enterprises in China and allowed it to comply with the government decrees. After the founding of new China, Mao Zedong established a "one-sided" diplomatic policy, advocating the development of economic exchanges and cooperation with the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other socialist countries, and the policy of direct use of foreign capital. On the basis of foreign enterprises in China, the Central Committee of the party has all the privileges in China. It is the policy of supervision and use, which is to make it comply with the decrees of the people's government, to stipulate the scope of its operation, to oppose speculation and illegal operation, and to use its manpower, qualifications and foreign economic relations to promote the recovery and development of the national economy. The outbreak of the war of Korea has changed the international environment facing the new China, The relationship between the new China and the western developed capitalist countries is changed from pre war to moderating to hostile state. The policy of using western countries in China is facing new considerations. The changes in the international environment have led to the serious impeding of the economic exchanges between China and the west, forcing the Communist Party of China to choose the priority under the pressure of national security. Using the planned economy of the Soviet Union to centrally allocate resources, give priority to the development strategy of heavy industry, the practice of economic aid to China and the experience of economic construction in the socialist countries of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other socialist countries; at the same time, the possibility of China's use of Western countries in China is greatly reduced, the policy is completely pause, the western countries represented by Britain, the United States and the law. In China, the position and function of foreign capital enterprises in China have changed. After the gradual loss of living space in.1953 years, the Communist Party of China will destroy the capitalist private production as an important means to realize socialism. The comprehensive transformation of foreign capital enterprises in China has become a part of China's socialist transformation. The Chinese foreign enterprises began to appear a lot of recession in Shanghai and other cities. In the practice of the transformation of foreign capital enterprises in China, the Communist Party of China explored the way of "transfer", and completed the transformation of foreign capital enterprises in China with reasonable and legal economic means, and completed the transfer of assets and liabilities to foreign enterprises in China through business negotiation. By the end of 1956, by the end of 1956, when the socialist transformation was basically completed, the foreign-funded enterprises in China were basically withdrawn from China. The foreign enterprises in China were withdrawn from the whole line of China's socialist transformation period, and one showed that foreign enterprises were lost in China. The two shows that the Chinese Communists in the theory and practice of socialism have a natural "hostility" to capitalism, especially foreign capitalism. There is a "preference" for a single public ownership and a highly centralized planned economic system. The change of the potential has gradually formed a series of policies for supervising, utilizing and retreating foreign enterprises in China. In the course of the exploration and practice of the policy, the error and the correct interweaving of the theory are the important issues in the study of the Sinicization of Marx's doctrine. Review and reflect on the policy of the Chinese Communist Party to foreign enterprises in China from 1946 to 1956. It is an important part of the study of the development and practice of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is also an indispensable part of the study of the Sinicization of Marx's doctrine. It will also provide useful enlightenment for China's further opening to the outside world.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F276.43;D25

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