本文選題：國(guó)家政策　切入點(diǎn)：民族地區(qū)　出處：《云南大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：民族發(fā)展是貫穿多民族國(guó)家民族問題和民族關(guān)系的一條主線。民族發(fā)展也是我國(guó)馬克思主義民族理論和政策所關(guān)注的最突出、最核心、最根本的問題。馬克思主義把民族問題放在無產(chǎn)階級(jí)的徹底解放和人的全面自由發(fā)展的高度,提出了民族平等民族繁榮的基本原則。社會(huì)主義制度在中國(guó)的建立,消滅了階級(jí)剝削和階級(jí)壓迫,為民族平等和繁榮的實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造了政治條件。但是,受歷史自然環(huán)境等條件限制,少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)自身發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)薄弱,自身發(fā)展能力弱,各民族在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)等方面存在著事實(shí)上的不平等。因此,采取各種措施加快各少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)發(fā)展,既符合我國(guó)民族工作的本質(zhì)要求,也是我們黨民族政策的基本出發(fā)點(diǎn)和歸宿。 政策是國(guó)家分配資源的權(quán)威性手段和形式。在社會(huì)發(fā)展中,國(guó)家政策不僅體現(xiàn)著國(guó)家政治發(fā)展的價(jià)值,而且對(duì)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展發(fā)揮著資源配置、資源調(diào)整、國(guó)家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略布局及規(guī)范國(guó)家行為等作用。國(guó)家政策是民族地區(qū)資源優(yōu)勢(shì)轉(zhuǎn)化為發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),推動(dòng)民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的重要手段。國(guó)家政策在民族地區(qū)的發(fā)展中,實(shí)際體現(xiàn)出國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的總體戰(zhàn)略,也具有區(qū)域性經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中資源調(diào)整,平衡的作用,同時(shí),又具有體現(xiàn)國(guó)家在處理民族問題,調(diào)整民族關(guān)系上的價(jià)值傾向。 國(guó)家在民族地區(qū)施行的政策是黨和國(guó)家的民族理論與民族工作實(shí)踐的中介,是黨和國(guó)家處理民族問題的政治主張向具體民族工作轉(zhuǎn)化的中間環(huán)節(jié)。對(duì)黨和國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)政策在邊疆民族地區(qū)預(yù)先政策目標(biāo)設(shè)定實(shí)際效應(yīng)的科學(xué)評(píng)估,有利于我們從全面思考政策設(shè)定的價(jià)值目標(biāo),政策對(duì)促進(jìn)民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的實(shí)際效果,不斷修改補(bǔ)充完善政策,充分發(fā)揮政策對(duì)推動(dòng)邊疆民族地區(qū)科學(xué)發(fā)展和諧發(fā)展跨越發(fā)展的積極作用。 在促進(jìn)區(qū)域的發(fā)展中,政策總是起到關(guān)鍵作用。要把資源優(yōu)勢(shì)轉(zhuǎn)變成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)、發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì),最關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)就是制定和實(shí)施經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的的過程中,由于政策管理者(政策執(zhí)行的干部基礎(chǔ))、政策受體(政策執(zhí)行的群眾基礎(chǔ))以及政策執(zhí)行環(huán)境(政策執(zhí)行的地理和基礎(chǔ)條件)等各種因素影響,政策在施行過程中出現(xiàn)了達(dá)不到預(yù)期目的、同一政策在同一時(shí)期的不同地區(qū)、同一政策在同一地區(qū)的不同時(shí)期施行的效果不一樣等明顯的政策紅利現(xiàn)象與波尾效應(yīng)。 紅利現(xiàn)象最先產(chǎn)生于西方股票市場(chǎng),是指超過了原本收益的一種額外利益,并包含利益分配的一種現(xiàn)象。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展,紅利這一現(xiàn)象在許多領(lǐng)域都得到了體現(xiàn)。政策紅利是從紅利概念衍生而來的,它是指國(guó)家和政府為發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)或解決某些社會(huì)問題而制定的政策,使得經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展“由此獲得額外的增長(zhǎng)源泉”的現(xiàn)象。它的產(chǎn)生及大小同政策制定的時(shí)代主題(政策的區(qū)域指向和產(chǎn)業(yè)指向)、政策管理者(政策執(zhí)行的干部基礎(chǔ))、政策受體以及政策施行環(huán)境密切相聯(lián)系的,政策紅利大小、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短都同具體的政策實(shí)施相關(guān)。國(guó)家政策在民族地區(qū)施行的過程中,對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展所產(chǎn)生的紅利稱之為國(guó)家政策紅利。 改革開放以來,黨和各級(jí)政府始終把發(fā)展邊境民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)放在頭等的位置,對(duì)邊疆多民族地區(qū)的發(fā)展給予了充分的關(guān)注和政策上的有力支持,尤其是在西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施中,隨著中央財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付力度的加大,各項(xiàng)扶貧惠民政策措施的實(shí)施,邊疆多民族地區(qū)進(jìn)入到快速發(fā)展的黃金時(shí)期,特惠政策在民族地區(qū)實(shí)施的過程中產(chǎn)生了明顯的政策紅利。政策本身并必然產(chǎn)生紅利現(xiàn)象,如果政策脫離民族地區(qū)發(fā)展實(shí)際,如果政策缺乏相關(guān)的政策配套,缺乏轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)的相應(yīng)機(jī)制體制保障,或者說執(zhí)行過程中,受到執(zhí)行者自身素質(zhì)、機(jī)制體制的制約等因素的影響,國(guó)家在民族地區(qū)的各項(xiàng)政策就會(huì)出現(xiàn)類似波濤呼嘯而過后的風(fēng)平浪靜的效果。即政策沒有充分發(fā)揮出應(yīng)有的社會(huì)效應(yīng)。我們稱為波尾效應(yīng)。 放大國(guó)家政策在邊疆民族地區(qū)政策的紅利現(xiàn)象,避免波尾效應(yīng),最大限度地促進(jìn)民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)跨越式發(fā)展,首要的工作就是科學(xué)決策。堅(jiān)持實(shí)事求是的思想方法,堅(jiān)持從少數(shù)民族和民族地區(qū)的發(fā)展實(shí)際出發(fā),因地制宜、分類指導(dǎo)；提高民族地區(qū)各級(jí)政府政策的執(zhí)行力；以及加強(qiáng)對(duì)國(guó)家政策的宣傳理解,注重對(duì)政策的評(píng)估與優(yōu)化,是全面提高和發(fā)揮國(guó)家政策的實(shí)踐效應(yīng)。 當(dāng)前,少數(shù)民族地區(qū)在發(fā)展進(jìn)程中遇到的矛盾和問題,無論規(guī)模還是復(fù)雜性都是世界罕見的。新一輪西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施從更高的層面為民族地區(qū)的發(fā)展提供了更多地政策資源。民族地區(qū)的發(fā)展不僅需要謀劃創(chuàng)造更多的政策“紅利”,更是重新謀劃如何擴(kuò)大政策“紅利”。通過深化體制發(fā)展；加大干部素質(zhì)的提升和能力鍛煉；探索政策實(shí)施的監(jiān)督機(jī)制等手段,進(jìn)一步提高行政執(zhí)行力,實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家政策地民族地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中的紅利。
[Abstract]:The national development is a main line that runs through the national and national relations of the multi - ethnic group . The national development is also the most prominent , core and fundamental problem of the Marxist national theory and policy of our country . Marxism puts forward the basic principle of the nation ' s national prosperity . However , the establishment of the socialist system in China , the elimination of the class exploitation and class oppression , and the realization of the national equality and prosperity create political conditions . Therefore , we have adopted various measures to speed up the development of ethnic minorities and ethnic areas , which is not only in accordance with the essential requirements of our national work , but also the basic starting point and the end of our Party ' s national policy .

The national policy not only embodies the value of the country ' s political development , but also plays the role of resource allocation , resource adjustment , national development strategic layout and national action .

The policy of the State in the minority areas is an intermediary between the national theory and the national work practice of the Party and the State . It is an intermediate link for the Party and the State to deal with the ethnic problems . The scientific evaluation of the actual effect of the Party and State economic policies in advance policy objectives in the frontier minority areas is conducive to the practical effect of the policy setting for the minority areas . The policy is beneficial to the promotion of the economic and social development of the minority areas . The policy is constantly amended to complement and perfect the policies and give full play to the positive role of the policy in promoting the harmonious development of the scientific development of the frontier ethnic areas .

In the promotion of regional development , policies always play a key role . In order to transform the advantages of resources into competitive advantage and development advantage , the most crucial point is to formulate and implement economic policies .

The dividend phenomenon is first produced in the western stock market , which refers to a phenomenon that exceeds the original income , and contains a phenomenon of interest distribution . As the economic and social development , the phenomenon of dividend is reflected in many fields .

Since the reform and opening - up , the party and the governments at all levels have always put the development of the border ethnic minority areas into the first place and have given sufficient attention and strong support to the development of the multi - ethnic areas in the border areas , especially in the implementation of the western development strategy .

To enlarge the policies of national policies in frontier ethnic areas , avoid the wave - tail effect , to maximize the economic and social development of ethnic regions , the first task is to make scientific decision - making , adhere to the ideological method of seeking truth from facts , persist in the development of national minorities and ethnic areas , and give guidance to local conditions and classification ;
To improve the implementation of government policies at all levels in ethnic areas ;
As well as strengthening the public understanding of the national policy , paying attention to the evaluation and optimization of the policy is the practical effect of comprehensively improving and exerting the national policy .

At present , the conflicts and problems encountered by ethnic minority regions in the development process are rare in the world , both of scale and complexity . The implementation of the new western development strategy provides more policy resources for the development of ethnic regions from higher levels .
Increase the quality of the cadres and the ability to exercise ;
To explore the supervision mechanism and other means of policy implementation , further improve the administrative enforcement ability , and realize the dividend in the economic and social development of the national policy .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：C95

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