本文選題：中亞　切入點：跨境水資源合作　出處：《上海師范大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：在布熱津斯基的著作《大棋局：美國的首要地位及其地緣戰(zhàn)略》中，中亞地區(qū)被稱為歐亞大陸的巴爾干，該地區(qū)的國家“不僅政體不穩(wěn)定，而且還吸引和誘使較強大的鄰國的入侵，而入侵的每個大國又都決心反對任何一個其他大國主宰這個地區(qū)”。該地區(qū)是“種族的大熔爐”，該地區(qū)大多數(shù)國家的“邊境不是與鄰國有主權(quán)爭議，就是存在著種族仇恨，單一民族的國家極少，有些國家甚至已經(jīng)陷于領(lǐng)土、種族或者宗教等的暴力沖突之中”。但布熱津斯基同時也強調(diào)中亞地區(qū)在地緣政治上是極其重要的，“它們將控制一個必將出現(xiàn)的旨在更直接地連接歐亞大陸東西最富裕最勤勞的兩端的運輸網(wǎng)”，并且中亞地區(qū)還有重要的經(jīng)濟地位，“本地區(qū)集中了巨大的天然氣和石油儲藏以及包括黃金在內(nèi)的重要礦產(chǎn)資源”。 既脆弱又價值非凡就是中亞地區(qū)的整體狀態(tài)，既有很多棘手的“痛點”，又有極大的潛力。 中亞地區(qū)的跨境水資源合作問題就是這些“痛點”之一。中亞地區(qū)地處歐亞大陸腹地，氣候以大陸型氣候為主，長年干燥，雖擁有大量的冰川與徑流量頗大的地表河流，但是大量的冰川水需要技術(shù)與資金去開發(fā)，而徑流量頗大的地表河流由于大多為跨境河流而成為中亞各國長期無法解開的死結(jié)。中亞各國基本都是農(nóng)業(yè)國家，并且中亞國家的農(nóng)業(yè)又多是以耗水型的灌溉作物為主，因此水對于中亞各國來說意義重大。不僅如此，中亞地區(qū)雖礦藏豐富，但作為河流上游國家的塔吉克斯坦和吉爾吉斯斯坦礦藏儲備卻遠不及下游國家，特別是用作發(fā)電與供暖的煤礦和天然氣，因此水資源對于上游國家還意味著電力、供暖來源。一場灌溉與電能的紛爭就這樣持續(xù)不斷的上演，并且一直呈現(xiàn)螺旋上升，向不斷惡化的方向發(fā)展。 水資源爭端漸漸成為了歐亞大陸巴爾干新的“痛點”與導(dǎo)火索。“中亞地水的短缺使得水成了國家之間和國家內(nèi)部的一種經(jīng)常性的低度緊張的根源�！眹H資源與安全研究專家彼得?格萊科認為，在像中亞這樣水短缺和爭奪尖銳的地區(qū)，水已經(jīng)成了“高位政治”的內(nèi)容，并且“與水相聯(lián)系的沖突的可能性正在增加”。 由于中亞地區(qū)跨境水資源問題的自然地理特點與歷史經(jīng)濟特點，，蘇聯(lián)解體后，中亞地區(qū)五個新獨立的國家毫不猶豫的開始建立圍繞跨境水資源合作的國際機制。由于非正式國際機制在速度、簡易性、靈活性和私密性四個方面有著突出的優(yōu)勢，所以獨立初期，中亞五國所建立的跨境水資源國際機制基本以非正式國際機制為主。在獨立初期的這段時間內(nèi)，非正式國際機制為中亞地區(qū)跨境水資源合作提供了對話的平臺，增強了地區(qū)圍繞水資源問題的合作意識，促進了地區(qū)跨境水資源管理一體化的形成。與此同時，回顧過去，立足當(dāng)下，放眼未來，中亞地區(qū)現(xiàn)有圍繞跨境水資源合作的非正式國際機制仍存在不少問題，如若這些問題得不到有效的解決，中亞地區(qū)跨境水資源合作便無法繼續(xù)深化，已取得的成績也將失去意義。 本文將以非正式國際機制理論為視角，對中亞地區(qū)現(xiàn)有跨境水資源合作機制進行回顧與梳理，并結(jié)合中亞地區(qū)地理特點與歷史經(jīng)濟特點解釋現(xiàn)有合作機制形成的原因，在此基礎(chǔ)上為中亞地區(qū)跨境水資源合作的未來發(fā)展提出幾點建議。
[Abstract]:In Brzezinski's book "the grand chessboard: American primacy and its geopolitical strategy in Central Asia", known as the Eurasian Balkans, countries in the region not only "regime is not stable, but also to attract and entice more powerful neighbors invaded, and each country and are determined to oppose any invasion of one of the other country dominate the region. The region is the" melting pot "race, most of the countries of the region border with neighboring countries is not disputed, is the existence of racial hatred, single nation state is few, some countries have even caught in territorial violence, race or religion." but Brzezinski also stressed. Central Asia is extremely important in geopolitics, "they will control more directly connected to Eurasia things the most affluent ends of the most industrious one will appear in the Transport network, and Central Asia has important economic status. "The region has concentrated huge natural gas and oil storage as well as important mineral resources including gold."
It is not only fragile but also of great value, that is, the overall state of the Central Asian region, with a lot of difficult "pain points" and great potential.
One of the central problems of cross-border water resources cooperation is the "pain points". Central Asia is located in the hinterland of the Eurasian continent, the climate with continental climate, long and dry, although have a large number of glaciers and considerable surface runoff rivers, but the amount of glacier water needs technology and funds to develop, and runoff big river due mostly to cross-border River and become the Central Asian countries could not untie the knot. The Central Asian countries are agricultural countries, and Central Asian countries and is based on the water consumption of agricultural irrigation water for crops, so the Central Asian countries is of great significance. Moreover, Central Asia is rich in minerals, but as the upper reaches of the river and the state of Tajikistan and the Kyrgyzstan mineral reserves is far less than the downstream countries, especially for power generation and heating of coal and natural gas, so the water resources for Tourism also means the source of electricity and heating. A dispute between irrigation and electricity has been going on like this. It has been spiralling up and developing steadily.
Water resources has gradually become the new "pain points" and "Eurasia Balkan fuse. Shortage of water makes the water in Central Asia to a source of current between and within countries of low tension." international resources and security expert Peter Greco? Think in this like Central Asia water shortage and sharp competition the area, water has become a "high politics" content, "and the possibility of conflict with water is increasing.
Due to the geographical characteristics of the water resources in Central Asia and the history of cross-border economic characteristics, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the five new independent countries in Central Asia did not hesitate to start the establishment of international cooperation mechanism on cross-border water resources. Due to the informal international mechanism in speed, simplicity, has outstanding advantages in four aspects of flexibility and privacy so, early independence, cross-border water resources international mechanism established by the five Central Asian countries basic to informal international regimes. This period of time in the early days of independence in providing a platform for dialogue mechanism for informal international cross-border water resources in Central Asia cooperation, enhance the area around the issue of water resources cooperation consciousness, promote the formation of cross-border integration of water resource management area. At the same time, in the past, based on the present, look to the future, the existing water resources in Central Asia around cross-border cooperation in informal There are still many problems in the interregional mechanism. If these problems are not effectively solved, the cooperation of cross border water resources in Central Asia will not continue to deepen, and the achievements we have achieved will also be meaningless.
The informal international mechanism from the perspective of the theory of the existing cross-border water resources cooperation mechanism in Central Asia. The review combined with the geographical features of the Central Asian region and the economic characteristics of historical explanation form existing cooperation mechanism, on the basis of cooperation for the future development of cross-border water resources in Central Asia and put forward some suggestions.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TV213.4;D81

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