發(fā)布時間：2018-04-28 23:27

  本文選題：無線傳感網(wǎng) + 低功耗��； 參考：《東南大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：近年來,隨著無線通信系統(tǒng)迅速發(fā)展,各種無線通信技術(shù)己廣泛應用于人們的日常生活當中。無線傳感網(wǎng)(WSN,Wireless Sensor Network)是當前信息領(lǐng)域的一個研究熱點,它以數(shù)據(jù)為中心,其網(wǎng)絡結(jié)構(gòu)具有自組織性并可以動態(tài)調(diào)整,具有非常高的可靠性,應用前景廣闊。低功耗是無線通信系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的重要趨勢,而低功耗射頻收發(fā)技術(shù)則是實現(xiàn)低功耗無線通信系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵所在。正是在這樣的應用背景下,低功耗射頻收發(fā)技術(shù)被人們提出并且吸引了眾多研究者的目光。研究低功耗射頻收發(fā)技術(shù)對于推動無線通信系統(tǒng)尤其是無線傳感網(wǎng)的發(fā)展具有重要理論意義和應用價值。本文在國家自然科學基金項目《低功耗射頻收發(fā)技術(shù)研究》的支持下,主要致力于低功耗射頻接收關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的相關(guān)研究。本文首先從系統(tǒng)的層面對無線傳感網(wǎng)IEEE 802.15.4協(xié)議進行了分析,給出了低功耗射頻收發(fā)機系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設計、整體指標計算、模塊劃分和鏈路預算的具體步驟和方法,為電路模塊的研究與設計做好了鋪墊。本文對低噪聲放大器(LNA,Low Noise Amplifier)、下變頻混頻器(Down-conversion Mixer)、復數(shù)帶通濾波器(CBPF,Complex Band Pass Filter)、限幅放大器(Limiter)和壓控振蕩器(VCO,Voltage Control Oscillator)等關(guān)鍵電路模塊進行了研究與設計,取得的主要研究成果如下:詳細分析了寬帶LNA的電路結(jié)構(gòu)和設計方法,提出了一種采用雙電容交叉耦合技術(shù)的共柵(CG,Common Gate)LNA。論文分析了在含有交叉耦合結(jié)構(gòu)的差分LNA中使用半邊等效電路計算噪聲系數(shù)會帶來誤差的原因,并采用直接法對雙電容交叉耦合CG-LNA的噪聲系數(shù)進行了求解。理論推導表明該結(jié)構(gòu)的噪聲系數(shù)明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的電容交叉耦合CG-LNA,且功耗只有傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的一半。最后設計并實現(xiàn)了一個寬帶LNA,芯片測試結(jié)果表明:在1.8V電源電壓下,該LNA的工作電流為1.0mA,3dB帶寬為0.5～0.95GHz,電壓增益為20.7dB,最小噪聲系數(shù)為2.8dB。對窄帶LNA進行了詳細的調(diào)研,在分析了源極電感負反饋共源LNA等窄帶LNA電路結(jié)構(gòu)在應用中存在不足的基礎上,本文提出了一種工作在1.0V低電壓下采用多重跨導提升技術(shù)的2.4GHz窄帶LNA電路結(jié)構(gòu),并給出了 LNA輸入阻抗和電壓增益的具體表達式。論文著重推導了 LNA的噪聲系數(shù)公式,分析了 LNA的噪聲優(yōu)化過程,在此基礎上設計了一個窄帶LNA。在1.0V電源電壓下,該LNA的工作電流為0.9mA,其3dB帶寬為2.32～2.58GHz,電壓增益為22.2dB,最小噪聲系數(shù)為4.35dB。將雙電容交叉耦合CG-LNA和采用電流注入技術(shù)的Mixer級聯(lián),設計并實現(xiàn)了一種低功耗0.5～1GHz寬帶射頻接收前端芯片,可以覆蓋無線傳感網(wǎng)IEEE 802.15.4協(xié)議中的sub-GHz頻段;將采用多重跨導提升技術(shù)的CG-LNA和基于電流復用技術(shù)的Mixer級聯(lián),設計并實現(xiàn)了一種低電壓低功耗2.4GHz窄帶射頻接收前端芯片。本文同時提出了一種基于LNA和Mixer電流復用的低電壓低功耗0.7～2.4GHz寬帶射頻接收前端電路結(jié)構(gòu),其帶寬可以同時覆蓋無線傳感網(wǎng)IEEE 802.15.4協(xié)議中的sub-GHz和2.4GHz頻段。針對該射頻前端電路,本文提出了一種圖解法,可以對其各項性能參數(shù)進行分析、優(yōu)化和折中。該設計方法簡單直觀,并且取得了良好的效果。芯片測試結(jié)果表明:在1.0V電源電壓下,整個射頻接收前端電路的工作電流為0.83mA,sub-GHz頻段的電壓增益為25.0dB,噪聲系數(shù)小于6.9dB,2.4GHz頻段的電壓增益為18.2dB,噪聲系數(shù)小于10.2dB。與已有文獻報道中的設計相比較,該設計具有更優(yōu)的綜合性能。對射頻接收鏈路中的復數(shù)帶通濾波器進行了深入的研究,分析了已有的電路結(jié)構(gòu)和設計優(yōu)化方法。為了進一步簡化電路結(jié)構(gòu),降低功耗,本文提出了一種基于極點構(gòu)造的復數(shù)帶通濾波器設計方法。采用該方法設計完成的四階復數(shù)帶通濾波器總共含有8個差分跨導單元,和基于二階濾波單元的有源Gm-C結(jié)構(gòu)相比,跨導單元數(shù)量降低了一半,整體功耗得以進一步降低。本文基于低電壓低功耗0.7～2.4GHz寬帶射頻接收前端、四階復數(shù)帶通濾波器和限幅放大器完成了整個低電壓低功耗無線傳感網(wǎng)射頻接收鏈路的設計,著重分析了模塊級聯(lián)、隔離、保護環(huán)連接等設計考慮,給出了可以減小芯片鍵合線影響的一系列措施。測試結(jié)果表明該接收鏈路的性能可以滿足WSN系統(tǒng)指標要求。此外,本文根據(jù)無線傳感網(wǎng)IEEE 802.15.4協(xié)議物理層的相關(guān)規(guī)定對頻率綜合器的整體指標進行了研究與分析,給出了可以覆蓋sub-GHz和2.4GHz多個頻段的小數(shù)分頻頻率綜合器的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu);對環(huán)路參數(shù)的設計和優(yōu)化方法進行了研究,并通過行為級仿真對頻率綜合器的系統(tǒng)功能進行了驗證;通過理論分析和推導驗證了基于頻率綜合器的兩點注入數(shù)字直接調(diào)制產(chǎn)生O-QPSK信號的方案可行性,并給出了具體電路實現(xiàn)方法;最后對壓控振蕩器的設計理論進行了相關(guān)研究,給出了低電壓低功耗壓控振蕩器詳細的設計和優(yōu)化方法,并通過流片測試進行了驗證。綜上所述,本文從系統(tǒng)和模塊兩個層面對應用于無線傳感網(wǎng)的低功耗射頻接收關(guān)鍵技術(shù)進行了深入的研究,提出了多種低功耗設計和優(yōu)化方法。雖然本文中研究與分析的芯片都是針對無線傳感網(wǎng)IEEE 802.15.4協(xié)議進行設計的,但是低功耗射頻接收關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究分析方法和結(jié)論同樣適用于其它無線通信系統(tǒng),例如IEEE 802.11、RFID、GPS等等。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the rapid development of wireless communication systems, all kinds of wireless communication technologies have been widely used in people's daily life. WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is a research hotspot in the field of information. It is based on data, its network structure is self-organizing and can be dynamically adjusted, and it has very high level. Low power is an important trend in the development of wireless communication systems. Low power RF transceiver is the key to the realization of low power wireless communication systems. Under such application background, low power RF transceiver technology has been proposed and attracted many researchers' attention. Radio frequency transceiver technology is of great theoretical and practical value for promoting the development of wireless communication systems, especially wireless sensor networks. This paper, supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, under the support of low power RF transceiver technology research, mainly focuses on the key techniques of low power radio frequency receiving. The IEEE 802.15.4 protocol of wireless sensor network is analyzed, and the structure design of the low power RF transceiver system, the calculation of the overall index, the steps and methods of the module division and link budget are given. The paper makes a paving for the research and design of the circuit module. In this paper, the low noise amplifier (LNA, Low Noise Amplifier), down conversion mixer (Down-conversion Mixer), complex number bandpass filter (CBPF, Complex Band Pass Filter), limiting amplifier (Limiter) and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO, Voltage Control Oscillator) and other key circuit modules have been studied and designed. The CG, Common Gate LNA. paper using the double capacitance cross coupling technique is used to analyze the cause of the error in calculating the noise coefficient in the differential LNA with a cross coupling structure using a half edge equivalent circuit. The direct method is used to solve the noise coefficient of the double capacitance cross coupling CG-LNA. The theoretical derivation shows that the structure is used. The noise coefficient is obviously better than the traditional capacitance cross coupling CG-LNA, and the power consumption is only half of the traditional structure. Finally, a broadband LNA is designed and implemented. The test results of the chip show that the working current of the LNA is 1.0mA, the 3dB bandwidth is 0.5 to 0.95GHz, the electric voltage gain is 20.7dB, and the minimum noise coefficient is 2.8dB. pairs of LN. A has carried out a detailed investigation. On the basis of analyzing the shortcomings of the narrow band LNA circuit such as the source inductance negative feedback common source LNA and other narrow band LNA circuits, this paper presents a 2.4GHz narrow band LNA circuit with multiple transconductance technology at low 1.0V voltage, and gives the specific expression of the input impedance and voltage gain of LNA. The paper emphatically derives the noise coefficient formula of LNA, analyzes the noise optimization process of LNA, and designs a narrow band LNA. under 1.0V power supply voltage, the LNA working current is 0.9mA, its 3dB bandwidth is 2.32 ~ 2.58GHz, the voltage gain is 22.2dB, and the minimum noise coefficient is 4.35dB. with the double capacitance cross coupling CG-LNA and the use of electricity. The Mixer cascade of flow injection technology is designed and implemented. A low power 0.5 to 1GHz wideband RF receiver front end chip is designed to cover the sub-GHz band of the wireless sensor network IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. A low voltage and low power consumption 2.4 is designed and implemented by using the CG-LNA of multiple transconductance lifting technology and the Mixer cascade based on current multiplexing technology. GHz narrow band RF receiver front-end chip. This paper also presents a low voltage and low power 0.7 to 2.4GHz wideband RF receiver front-end circuit based on LNA and Mixer current reuse, and its bandwidth can cover both sub-GHz and 2.4GHz frequency bands in the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol of wireless sensor networks. The results of the design show that the working current of the whole RF receiver is 0.83mA, the voltage gain of the sub-GHz frequency section is 25.0dB, the noise coefficient is less than 6.9dB, 2.4GHz is less than 6.9dB, 2.4GHz. The voltage gain of the frequency band is 18.2dB, and the noise coefficient is less than 10.2dB.. Compared with the previous design, the design has better comprehensive performance. The complex band pass filter in the radio frequency receiving link is studied deeply, the existing circuit structure and the design optimization method are analyzed. Low power consumption, a design method of complex band pass filter based on pole structure is proposed in this paper. The four order plural bandpass filter designed by this method contains 8 differential transconductance units. Compared with the active Gm-C structure based on the two order filter unit, the number of transconductance units is reduced by half and the overall power consumption is further reduced. Based on the low voltage and low power 0.7 ~ 2.4GHz broadband radio frequency receiver front end, the four order plural bandpass filter and the limiting amplifier, the design of the radio frequency receiving link of the whole low voltage and low power wireless sensor network is completed. The design considerations of the module cascade, isolation and protection ring connection are emphatically analyzed, and the influence of the chip bonding line can be reduced. A series of measures. The test results show that the performance of the receiving link can meet the requirements of the WSN system. In addition, this paper studies and analyzes the overall index of the frequency synthesizer according to the relevant regulations of the physical layer of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol of the wireless sensor network, and gives the frequency division frequency that can cover the multiple bands of sub-GHz and 2.4GHz. The system structure of the synthesizer, the design and optimization method of the loop parameters are studied, and the system function of the frequency synthesizer is verified by the behavior level simulation. The scheme feasibility of the O-QPSK signal based on the two point injection digital direct modulation based on the frequency synthesizer is verified. In the end, the design theory of voltage controlled oscillator is studied, and the detailed design and optimization methods of low voltage and low power voltage controlled oscillator are given and verified by flow sheet test. In summary, the key technology of low power radio frequency receiving for wireless sensor network is corresponded from two aspects of system and module. A variety of low power design and optimization methods are proposed. Although the research and analysis chips in this paper are designed for the wireless sensor network IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, the research and analysis methods and conclusions of the key technologies of low power radio frequency receiving are also applicable to other wireless communication systems, such as IEEE 802.. 11, RFID, GPS and so on.

【學位授予單位】：東南大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TP212.9;TN929.5
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本文編號：1817393