本文關鍵詞： 水質監(jiān)測 光譜法 干擾因素 多參數(shù)　出處：《北方工業(yè)大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：水是生命之源,是大自然賦予人類的寶貴財富。由于人類活動對自然資源的不合理利用和對生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞,水資源的可持續(xù)利用面臨重大的挑戰(zhàn)。我國的人均水資源占有量低,水資源地區(qū)分布不均,水污染逐年加重。這不僅加劇了水資源短缺的矛盾,而且嚴重威脅人們飲水安全和生命健康。預防和治理水污染不再是簡單的環(huán)境問題,而是影響國家長遠發(fā)展規(guī)劃的戰(zhàn)略性問題。實時高效地掌握水體污染情況,是制訂實際可用的治理方案和采取有效的水域保護措施的重要前提。因此提高水質在線監(jiān)測技術,健全水資源監(jiān)測系統(tǒng),對防治水污染具有重要意義。目前水質在線監(jiān)測方式主要為站房式和浮標式,前者發(fā)展較早,在我國應用普遍,其檢測原理主要為試劑法,能實現(xiàn)多種水質參數(shù)的實時檢測,但存在系統(tǒng)復雜,投資建設成本高,維護量大,耗能且易造成二次污染等問題;浮標式水質在線監(jiān)測主要采用光譜法和電極法,全自動監(jiān)測,系統(tǒng)運行耗電少,建設和維護成本低,投放便捷,采用原位檢測,無二次污染。浮漂式水質在線監(jiān)測雖然起步晚,但由于其顯著的優(yōu)勢發(fā)展迅速。本課題針對基于光譜法的浮標式水質在線監(jiān)測的傳感器進行了技術研究和設計,選定光譜分析法應用于水質檢測,利用物質吸光特性的差異,依據(jù)朗伯-比爾定律得出水質參數(shù)的濃度和吸光度的關系,進行某種水質參數(shù)的定量分析。此方法不需要任何化學預處理,操作簡單,測量周期短,尤其是不會對環(huán)境構成二次污染,非常適用于水質在線快速檢測。由于水中很多離子、有機物的吸收波長包含在紫外-可見光范圍內(nèi),所以本課題選擇紫外-可見吸收光譜法進行應用于水質檢測儀器的技術和實驗研究。并初步探討了濁度、溫度、其它離子以及環(huán)境因素等對光譜檢測的影響,研究了傳感器信號調(diào)理電路設計理論等。針對光譜應用于水質檢測功能,設計了單光源和雙光源機械結構,提出了占空比調(diào)整光源功率從而改變傳感器量程的新方法,該方法改變了傳統(tǒng)的通過機械結構改變光程來調(diào)整量程的方法。搭建實驗平臺,圍繞COD、總磷、總氮和總有機碳四種水質參數(shù),分別進行了信號測試實驗、建標實驗、樣機性能實驗和實際水樣對比等系列實驗。對實驗數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,結果為COD檢測值的準確度在-7.4%～8.1%;總磷檢測值的準確度在-5.6%～9.4%;總氮檢測值的準確度在-9.0%～9.0%;總有機碳檢測值的準確度在-4.3%～5.4%;四種水質參數(shù)檢測值的準確度均低于10%,基本滿足檢測技術要求,符合國家環(huán)境保護標準規(guī)定。最后,總結本課題的研究工作,并對不足之處進行了分析和展望。
[Abstract]:Water is the source of life and the precious wealth endowed by nature. Because of the irrational use of natural resources and the destruction of ecological environment by human activities, The sustainable utilization of water resources is facing great challenges. The per capita water resources in China are low, the distribution of water resources is uneven, and the water pollution is increasing year by year. This not only exacerbates the contradiction of water resources shortage, Prevention and control of water pollution is no longer a simple environmental problem, but a strategic problem affecting the country's long-term development plans. It is an important prerequisite for the development of practical available control schemes and effective water protection measures. Therefore, the improvement of water quality on-line monitoring technology and the improvement of water resources monitoring system, It is of great significance to prevent and cure water pollution. At present, the main on-line monitoring methods of water quality are station house type and buoy type. The former is developed earlier and is widely used in our country. The detection principle is mainly reagent method, which can realize the real-time detection of various water quality parameters. However, there are some problems such as complex system, high cost of investment and construction, large amount of maintenance, energy consumption and easy to cause secondary pollution. Construction and maintenance costs are low, easy to put in, in situ detection, no secondary pollution. Floating water quality online monitoring, although the start is late, However, because of its remarkable advantages, the technology and design of the sensor for on-line monitoring of water quality based on spectral buoy are studied and designed. The spectral analysis method is selected to be applied to water quality detection, and the difference of absorptive properties of substance is used. According to Lambert-Beer 's law, the relationship between the concentration and absorbance of water quality parameters is obtained, and the quantitative analysis of certain water quality parameters is carried out. This method does not require any chemical pretreatment, and is simple to operate, and has a short measuring period. In particular, it does not cause secondary pollution to the environment, so it is very suitable for on-line rapid detection of water quality. Because there are many ions in the water, the absorption wavelengths of organic matter are contained in the range of ultraviolet and visible light. Therefore, this subject chooses the UV-Vis absorption spectrum method to carry on the technical and the experimental research which applies to the water quality detection instrument, and preliminarily discusses the influence of turbidity, temperature, other ions and environmental factors on the spectral detection. This paper studies the design theory of sensor signal conditioning circuit, aiming at the application of spectrum in water quality detection, designs the mechanical structure of single light source and double light source, and puts forward a new method to adjust the power of light source to change the sensor range. This method changed the traditional method of adjusting the measuring range by changing the optical path through mechanical structure. The experiment platform was built, and the signal test experiment and the standard experiment were carried out around the four water quality parameters of COD, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and total organic carbon. A series of experiments, such as performance experiment of prototype and comparison of actual water sample, are carried out. The experimental data are analyzed, The results were as follows: the accuracy of COD was -7.4 and 8.1; the accuracy of total phosphorus was -5.6and 9.4; the accuracy of total nitrogen was -9.0 and 9.0; the accuracy of total organic carbon was -4.3and 5.4; the accuracy of the four water quality parameters was lower than 100.It basically met the technical requirements. Finally, the research work of this paper is summarized, and the deficiency is analyzed and prospected.
【學位授予單位】：北方工業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TP212

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