【摘要】：極化干涉合成孔徑雷達(SAR)綜合了極化信息與傳統(tǒng)干涉信息感知能力,因其具備了全天時、全天候、遠距離對目標電磁特征、空間位置、空間結(jié)構(gòu)探測和環(huán)境監(jiān)測的能力,在地形測繪、海洋監(jiān)測、農(nóng)林業(yè)測繪、軍事偵察、氣象制圖、環(huán)境保護以及災情監(jiān)測等各個應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域中表現(xiàn)出了巨大優(yōu)勢與潛力,已成為現(xiàn)代軍事和民用遙感信息獲取的重要手段。在單基線極化干涉SAR應(yīng)用中,散射過程的模型失配極大地限制了地表地物信息的獲取能力。極化干涉SAR技術(shù)的實用化要求對實際觀測數(shù)據(jù)與雷達系統(tǒng)參數(shù)、場景特征參數(shù)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)進行深入的分析與理解,還需要通過信號處理方法進一步提升地物參數(shù)反演精度。借助于海量的對地遙感觀測數(shù)據(jù),沿垂直航向空間觀測通道的增加大大豐富了極化干涉SAR所能獲取的目標信息量。多基線極化干涉SAR技術(shù)和層析SAR成像技術(shù)能夠有效獲取自然場景垂直結(jié)構(gòu)的散射特征、實現(xiàn)復雜場景的三維重構(gòu),是現(xiàn)代成像雷達發(fā)展的一個重要方向。然而,地物目標對電磁信號的散射過程極為復雜,多基線極化干涉觀測數(shù)據(jù)與目標散射特征之間的映射法則難以確定。在三維重構(gòu)方面,層析三維成像受制于最優(yōu)基線配置及實現(xiàn)的復雜性以及傳統(tǒng)二維SAR成像處理誤差的影響,其層析維聚焦性能的提升亟需高效穩(wěn)健的高精度聚焦方法。針對這些問題,本論文旨在通過信號處理方法提高極化干涉SAR、層析SAR對地遙感探測信息獲取的精度與穩(wěn)健性,研究內(nèi)容主要針對地表散射模型失配問題、單基線極化干涉SAR地表參數(shù)反演、雙基線極化干涉分布模型構(gòu)建與體散射解模糊、層析SAR基線優(yōu)化設(shè)計與三維成像四個關(guān)鍵點。本文圍繞×××預先研究項目“×××信息獲取技術(shù)”、“×××載荷技術(shù)”以及×××探測技術(shù)項目“×××技術(shù)與實驗研究”等項目研究任務(wù),對極化干涉SAR地表參數(shù)反演、極化層析SAR成像進行了研究。全文內(nèi)容主要圍繞地表散射模型失配問題、單基線極化干涉SAR地表參數(shù)反演、雙基線體散射解模糊和層析SAR基線優(yōu)化設(shè)計與三維成像進行展開,主要內(nèi)容可概括為以下四個部分:第一部分研究基于雷達系統(tǒng)參數(shù)和場景特征參數(shù)的地表散射模型構(gòu)建。引出了散射過程的模型失配問題,分析了觀測數(shù)據(jù)與雷達系統(tǒng)參數(shù)、場景特征參數(shù)(包括植被參數(shù)和地形坡度參數(shù))之間的關(guān)聯(lián),確定了地形坡度參數(shù)對基于地表散射模型的植被參數(shù)反演結(jié)果的影響方式,建立了極化干涉信號與雷達系統(tǒng)及場景特征參數(shù)之間的映射關(guān)系,在模型級上解決了由地形起伏引起的模型失配問題。第二部分研究單基線極化干涉SAR地表參數(shù)反演信號處理方法。給出了植被覆蓋下地形干涉相位的估計方法,提出了基于數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動的極化干涉SAR數(shù)據(jù)幅度、相位非平穩(wěn)特性自適應(yīng)校正方法。針對觀測數(shù)據(jù)的非均勻分布特性,提出了映射空間均衡化校正技術(shù)。分析了以單一極化通道數(shù)據(jù)先驗信息作為參考的失效情況,首次提出了基于地體散射比差異最大化的先驗信息融合技術(shù),并引入主成分分析方法,提高了線性變化模型特征提取的精度和穩(wěn)健性。第三部分研究雙基線極化干涉SAR地表參數(shù)反演方法。提出了雙基線極化干涉SAR分布模型的構(gòu)建方法,分析了雙基線極化干涉SAR解決體散射估計模糊的基本原理,通過仿真試驗分析方法驗證了解模糊方法的有效性。分析了雙基線觀測數(shù)據(jù)的聚類現(xiàn)象,提出了基于最大一致性準則的雙基線地表參數(shù)反演算法,并利用仿真數(shù)據(jù)對不同的長短基線比例條件下的算法性能和誤差容忍度進行了分析與評估,該方法可以有效地解決體散射估計的模糊問題。第四部分研究極化層析SAR基線優(yōu)化設(shè)計與三維成像。針對非均勻線性陣列陣元位置的優(yōu)化設(shè)計,分析并推導了機載層析SAR系統(tǒng)陣列方向圖的近場掃向不變性和陣元位置優(yōu)化模型,提出了一種目標函數(shù)離散柵格化方法,將原問題近似為易于求解的極小極大最優(yōu)化問題。針對自然場景的三維重構(gòu),提出了基于最優(yōu)基線配置的全極化層析SAR三維成像處理算法框架,利用正射影像校正技術(shù)得到了大地坐標下的三維成像結(jié)果,實現(xiàn)了基于酉變換的全極化層析三維信息表達。
[Abstract]:The polarization interference synthetic aperture radar (SAR) combines the polarization information and the traditional interference information sensing capability, and has the capability of all-weather, all-weather, long-distance to the target electromagnetic characteristic, the space position, the spatial structure detection and the environmental monitoring, The great advantages and potential of agricultural and forestry mapping, military reconnaissance, meteorological mapping, environmental protection and disaster monitoring have become an important means of information acquisition in modern military and civil engineering. In the application of single-base-line polarization interference SAR, the model mismatch of the scattering process greatly limits the acquisition ability of surface figure information. The practical requirement of the polarization interference SAR technology is to carry out in-depth analysis and understanding of the correlation between the actual observation data and the parameters of the radar system and the characteristic parameters of the scene, and further improve the inversion accuracy of the figure parameters by the signal processing method. By means of mass-to-ground remote sensing observation data, the increase of the observation channel along the vertical heading space greatly enriches the target amount of information that the polarization interference SAR can obtain. The multi-baseline polarization interference SAR technology and the chromatographic SAR imaging technology can effectively acquire the scattering characteristics of the vertical structure of the natural scene, realize the three-dimensional reconstruction of the complex scene, and is an important direction of the development of the modern imaging radar. However, the object-to-ground object is very complicated in the scattering process of the electromagnetic signal, and the mapping rule between the multi-baseline polarization interference observation data and the target scattering feature is difficult to determine. In the aspect of three-dimensional reconstruction, the three-dimensional imaging is subject to the optimal baseline configuration and the complexity of implementation as well as the influence of the traditional two-dimensional SAR imaging processing error, and the enhancement of the chromatographic-dimensional focusing performance of the three-dimensional imaging is in urgent need of a highly efficient and robust high-precision focusing method. In order to solve these problems, the purpose of this paper is to improve the accuracy and robustness of the polarimetric interference SAR and the ground-ground remote sensing information acquisition by the signal processing method. The research content is mainly focused on the surface scattering model mismatch problem, single-base-line polarization interference SAR surface parameter inversion, The dual-baseline polarization interference distribution model is used to construct the four key points of the body-scattering and deblurring, the base-line optimization design of the chromatographic SAR and the three-dimensional imaging. In this paper, the research on the surface parameter inversion and polarization-tomography (SAR) imaging of the polarization interference SAR is studied in this paper. The paper mainly focuses on the surface scattering model mismatch problem, single-base-line polarization interference (SAR) surface parameter inversion, double-base-baseline-body-scattering-deblurring, and tomographic-SAR baseline optimization design and three-dimensional imaging. The main contents can be summarized as follows: The first part studies the construction of the surface scattering model based on the radar system parameters and the scene characteristic parameters. The model mismatch problem of the scattering process is introduced, the correlation between the observation data and the radar system parameters, the scene characteristic parameters (including the vegetation parameters and the terrain slope parameters) is analyzed, the influence of the terrain slope parameters on the vegetation parameter inversion result based on the surface scattering model is determined, The mapping relation between the polarization interference signal and the radar system and the scene characteristic parameters is established, and the model mismatch problem caused by the relief of the terrain is solved at the model level. The second part is to study the surface parameters inversion signal processing method of single-line polarization interference SAR (SAR). In this paper, the estimation method of the terrain interference phase under the vegetation cover is given, and the self-adaptive correction method for the amplitude and phase non-stationary characteristics of the polarization interference SAR data driven by the data is proposed. In view of the non-uniform distribution of the observed data, a mapping space equalization correction technique is proposed. In this paper, a prior information fusion technique based on the maximization of the dispersion ratio of the ground body is proposed for the first time, and the accuracy and the robustness of the feature extraction of the linear change model are improved. In the third part, the method of surface parameter inversion of dual-baseline polarization interference SAR is studied. In this paper, a method for constructing a dual-baseline polarization interference SAR distribution model is proposed, and the basic principle of the double-baseline polarization interference SAR solution is analyzed, and the effectiveness of the fuzzy method is verified by means of the simulation test. The clustering phenomenon of double-baseline observation data is analyzed, a double-baseline surface parameter inversion algorithm based on the maximum consistency criterion is proposed, and the algorithm performance and error tolerance are analyzed and evaluated by using the simulation data. The method can effectively solve the fuzzy problem of the body scattering estimation. The fourth part studies the design of the baseline optimization and the three-dimensional imaging of the polarization-chromatographic SAR. According to the optimal design of the array element position of the non-uniform linear array, the near-field scanning direction invariance and the array element position optimization model of the array direction map of the airborne chromatographic SAR system are analyzed and derived, and a method for discretizing a target function is presented. The problem of the original problem is approximated as a very small maximum optimization problem which is easy to solve. Aiming at the three-dimensional reconstruction of the natural scene, a three-dimensional imaging processing algorithm framework based on the optimal baseline configuration is proposed, and the three-dimensional imaging result under the geodetic coordinate is obtained by using the orthophoto-image correction technology, and the three-dimensional information expression of the full-polarization chromatography based on the optimal baseline configuration is realized.
【學位授予單位】：西安電子科技大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TN957.52

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