低速重載機械早期故障稀疏特征提取的研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-01-18 19:30
【摘要】：本課題的研究來源于國家自然科學(xué)基金《低速重載機械早期故障稀疏特征識別的研究》。低速重載機械是冶金企業(yè)的重要設(shè)備（如轉(zhuǎn)爐耳軸、高爐布料器、鋼包回轉(zhuǎn)臺等），低速重載機械早期故障診斷技術(shù)是目前機械故障診斷領(lǐng)域的研究熱點和難點，探索低速重載機械早期故障診斷的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，對于保障設(shè)備的安全穩(wěn)定運行、避免突發(fā)的重大設(shè)備事故和人身安全事故具有重要的理論意義和應(yīng)用價值。 論文針對低速重載機械的振動信號特點，深入研究了低速重載機械早期故障信號的提取難題和設(shè)備安全運行時間預(yù)測的難題。 針對低速重載機械單一故障特征下的微弱沖擊信號提取問題，論文首先提出了一種自適應(yīng)形態(tài)梯度提升方法。通過形態(tài)提升，將微弱脈沖信號放大，再利用形態(tài)梯度濾波濾掉信號中的低頻成份，保留信號中的脈沖信號。該方法具有計算效率高的優(yōu)點，并且對于一定信噪比下的微弱故障沖擊信號，具有較高的精度。 同時，針對低速重載機械單一故障特征下的微弱沖擊信號提取問題，論文提出了一種基于包絡(luò)的正交匹配追蹤方法。通過原子包絡(luò)和振動信號包絡(luò)的匹配搜索，確定原子的位移因子和尺度因子，進(jìn)一步搜索確定頻率因子和相位因子，最終達(dá)到提取微弱沖擊信號的目的。原子時頻因子的分開搜索，使得卷積和FFT能有效應(yīng)用在搜索過程中，提高了原子搜索效率。該方法能提取低信噪比下的微弱故障沖擊信號，并且具有高精度的優(yōu)勢，但是在計算效率上不具有自適應(yīng)形態(tài)梯度提升方法快捷的優(yōu)勢。 針對低速重載機械多源故障特征下的微弱沖擊信號提取問題，論文提出了一種基于相干累積量的分段正交匹配追蹤方法。采用框架思想的分段正交匹配追蹤方法具有提取混疊信號的優(yōu)勢，彌補了正交匹配追蹤方法在提取多源故障混疊信號中的不足。通過深入探討多源早期故障信號過完備原子庫中內(nèi)置相干累積量和外置相干累積量的關(guān)系，可以快速確定原子的位移因子和頻率因子，，為分段正交匹配追蹤方法提供最優(yōu)的原子選取策略。該方法縮小了分段正交匹配追蹤方法中子框架的原子規(guī)模，可以快捷、稀疏、精確地表示多源故障的混疊沖擊信號。 針對裂紋故障中裂紋寬度估算的問題，論文提出了一種鄰域正交匹配追蹤方法。討論了裂紋、點蝕等早期故障時信號特有的雙沖擊信號特征，并根據(jù)雙沖擊信號合理構(gòu)建原子的鄰域集合，將雙沖擊信號在其鄰域中進(jìn)行表示，可以準(zhǔn)確提取出裂紋故障的雙沖擊信號。再根據(jù)當(dāng)前的采樣頻率、轉(zhuǎn)速，以及獲取的雙沖擊信號時間間隔等信息估算出裂紋的寬度。該方法可以有效識別裂紋故障的程度，對設(shè)備安全運行時間預(yù)測具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。
[Abstract]:The research of this topic comes from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Research on early Fault sparse feature recognition of low Speed heavy load Machinery. Low speed heavy duty machinery is an important equipment in metallurgical enterprises (such as converter ear shaft, blast furnace feeder, ladle rotary table, etc.). The early fault diagnosis technology of low speed heavy load machinery is a hot and difficult point in the field of machinery fault diagnosis at present. It is of great theoretical significance and practical value to explore the key techniques of early fault diagnosis for low speed heavy duty machinery to ensure the safe and stable operation of equipment and to avoid sudden major equipment accidents and personal safety accidents. According to the characteristics of vibration signal of low speed and heavy load machinery, the problem of early fault signal extraction and safe operation time prediction of low speed and heavy load machinery are studied in this paper. Aiming at the problem of weak impulse signal extraction under the single fault feature of low-speed and heavy-duty machinery, an adaptive morphological gradient lifting method is proposed in this paper. The weak pulse signal is amplified and the low frequency component of the signal is filtered by morphological gradient filter to retain the pulse signal. This method has the advantages of high computational efficiency and high accuracy for weak fault impulse signals with a certain SNR. At the same time, aiming at the weak impulse signal extraction problem under the single fault feature of low-speed and heavy-duty machinery, an envelope based orthogonal matching tracking method is proposed in this paper. By matching the envelope of atomic envelope and vibration signal, the displacement factor and scale factor of atom are determined, the frequency factor and phase factor are further searched and the weak impulse signal is extracted. With the separation of atomic time-frequency factors, convolution and FFT can be effectively applied in the search process, and the efficiency of atomic search is improved. This method can extract weak fault impulse signals with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and has the advantage of high accuracy, but it does not have the advantage of fast adaptive morphological gradient lifting method in computational efficiency. A piecewise orthogonal matching tracking method based on coherent cumulants is proposed to extract weak impulse signals from low speed and heavy load machinery with multi-source fault characteristics. The frame based piecewise orthogonal matching tracking method has the advantage of extracting aliasing signals, which makes up for the deficiency of orthogonal matching tracing method in extracting multi-source fault aliasing signals. By deeply discussing the relationship between the built-in coherent cumulant and the external coherent cumulant in the over-complete atomic library of multi-source early fault signals, the displacement factor and frequency factor of the atom can be determined quickly. It provides an optimal atomic selection strategy for piecewise orthogonal matching tracing. This method reduces the atomic size of the neutron frame in the piecewise orthogonal matching tracing method and can quickly, sparsely and accurately represent the aliasing shock signals of multi-source faults. Aiming at the problem of crack width estimation in crack fault, a neighborhood orthogonal matching tracing method is proposed in this paper. In this paper, we discuss the characteristic of double impulse signal in the early faults such as crack and pitting. According to the double impulse signal, we construct the neighborhood set of atoms reasonably, and express the double impulse signal in its neighborhood. The double impulse signal of crack fault can be accurately extracted. The width of the crack is estimated according to the current sampling frequency, rotational speed and the time interval of the obtained double impulse signals. This method can effectively identify the degree of crack failure, and has important guiding significance for predicting the safe operation time of equipment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TN911.7
本文編號：2411037
[Abstract]:The research of this topic comes from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Research on early Fault sparse feature recognition of low Speed heavy load Machinery. Low speed heavy duty machinery is an important equipment in metallurgical enterprises (such as converter ear shaft, blast furnace feeder, ladle rotary table, etc.). The early fault diagnosis technology of low speed heavy load machinery is a hot and difficult point in the field of machinery fault diagnosis at present. It is of great theoretical significance and practical value to explore the key techniques of early fault diagnosis for low speed heavy duty machinery to ensure the safe and stable operation of equipment and to avoid sudden major equipment accidents and personal safety accidents. According to the characteristics of vibration signal of low speed and heavy load machinery, the problem of early fault signal extraction and safe operation time prediction of low speed and heavy load machinery are studied in this paper. Aiming at the problem of weak impulse signal extraction under the single fault feature of low-speed and heavy-duty machinery, an adaptive morphological gradient lifting method is proposed in this paper. The weak pulse signal is amplified and the low frequency component of the signal is filtered by morphological gradient filter to retain the pulse signal. This method has the advantages of high computational efficiency and high accuracy for weak fault impulse signals with a certain SNR. At the same time, aiming at the weak impulse signal extraction problem under the single fault feature of low-speed and heavy-duty machinery, an envelope based orthogonal matching tracking method is proposed in this paper. By matching the envelope of atomic envelope and vibration signal, the displacement factor and scale factor of atom are determined, the frequency factor and phase factor are further searched and the weak impulse signal is extracted. With the separation of atomic time-frequency factors, convolution and FFT can be effectively applied in the search process, and the efficiency of atomic search is improved. This method can extract weak fault impulse signals with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and has the advantage of high accuracy, but it does not have the advantage of fast adaptive morphological gradient lifting method in computational efficiency. A piecewise orthogonal matching tracking method based on coherent cumulants is proposed to extract weak impulse signals from low speed and heavy load machinery with multi-source fault characteristics. The frame based piecewise orthogonal matching tracking method has the advantage of extracting aliasing signals, which makes up for the deficiency of orthogonal matching tracing method in extracting multi-source fault aliasing signals. By deeply discussing the relationship between the built-in coherent cumulant and the external coherent cumulant in the over-complete atomic library of multi-source early fault signals, the displacement factor and frequency factor of the atom can be determined quickly. It provides an optimal atomic selection strategy for piecewise orthogonal matching tracing. This method reduces the atomic size of the neutron frame in the piecewise orthogonal matching tracing method and can quickly, sparsely and accurately represent the aliasing shock signals of multi-source faults. Aiming at the problem of crack width estimation in crack fault, a neighborhood orthogonal matching tracing method is proposed in this paper. In this paper, we discuss the characteristic of double impulse signal in the early faults such as crack and pitting. According to the double impulse signal, we construct the neighborhood set of atoms reasonably, and express the double impulse signal in its neighborhood. The double impulse signal of crack fault can be accurately extracted. The width of the crack is estimated according to the current sampling frequency, rotational speed and the time interval of the obtained double impulse signals. This method can effectively identify the degree of crack failure, and has important guiding significance for predicting the safe operation time of equipment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TN911.7
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