【摘要】：現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在時(shí)域上表現(xiàn)為實(shí)施謀略、策劃、博弈和評(píng)估等過(guò)程，在空域上表現(xiàn)為控制陸、海、空和天等主權(quán)的爭(zhēng)奪。無(wú)論在時(shí)域還是在空域，信息的獲取、處理與應(yīng)用尤為重要。隨著高新技術(shù)武器裝備的飛速發(fā)展，目標(biāo)的信息成為敵我雙方控制的焦點(diǎn)，從某種意義上講，現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)就是信息戰(zhàn)。軍用雷達(dá)是目標(biāo)信息的傳感器，在現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的主要功能為目標(biāo)探測(cè)、定位、跟蹤、分類、成像、識(shí)別、告警和傳送，其重要意義不言而喻。然而隨著反雷達(dá)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，任何軍用雷達(dá)都將面臨著隱身、反輻射摧毀、低空突防及綜合電子干擾等四大威脅。 基于外輻射源信號(hào)的無(wú)源雷達(dá)（Passive Radar），利用多通道在不同區(qū)域進(jìn)行空間分集接收處理隱身目標(biāo)的非后向散射能量，實(shí)現(xiàn)抗隱身；使用外輻射源信號(hào)作為發(fā)射信號(hào)，反輻射導(dǎo)彈無(wú)的可尋，天然具有抗反輻射導(dǎo)彈的功能；采用MIMO體制，增加雙基角，可有效改善低空探測(cè)性能，實(shí)現(xiàn)抗低空突防；借用干擾源信號(hào)作為發(fā)射信號(hào)，可通過(guò)多站或單站接收對(duì)干擾源實(shí)施有效定位跟蹤，達(dá)到抗干擾的目的。因此受到各國(guó)雷達(dá)研究者的廣泛關(guān)注。本文針對(duì)GSM或DVB-T作為外輻射源，，從系統(tǒng)的可行性、構(gòu)成以及理論算法等方面，對(duì)無(wú)源雷達(dá)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)開(kāi)展了深入研究。具體體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面： （1）提出改進(jìn)的基于阻塞信號(hào)的自適應(yīng)波束形成方法用于提取直達(dá)波信號(hào) 參考信號(hào)是外輻射源雷達(dá)相干檢測(cè)的基準(zhǔn)信號(hào)，直接影響到目標(biāo)信號(hào)的檢測(cè)性能。僅利用普通波束形成可能導(dǎo)致獲得的信號(hào)不純凈，而直接利用自適應(yīng)波束形成也可能無(wú)法獲得主基站的直達(dá)波信號(hào)。本文提出一種基于阻塞信號(hào)的自適應(yīng)波束形成方法，在主基站直達(dá)波來(lái)波方向處形成主瓣，同時(shí)在其他比較強(qiáng)的干擾方向上形成零陷。首先將陣列天線接收信號(hào)中主基站直達(dá)波信號(hào)消去，然后利用自適應(yīng)波束形成算法求得最優(yōu)波束形成權(quán)值因子，再進(jìn)行波束形成以獲得主基站的直達(dá)波信號(hào)。首先通過(guò)仿真數(shù)據(jù)驗(yàn)證了所提方法的有效性，然后利用實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明所提方法相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的LCMV自適應(yīng)波束形成方法性能更好，更適合于工程實(shí)踐。 （2）先時(shí)域相消后波束形成的無(wú)源雷達(dá)干擾抑制方法 由于外輻射源雷達(dá)采用第三方非合作信號(hào)作為發(fā)射源，接收機(jī)不僅能夠接收到主基站的發(fā)射信號(hào)，而且能夠接收到附近其他基站發(fā)射的同頻干擾信號(hào)和多徑干擾，同時(shí)受到環(huán)境噪聲的影響。本文提出首先利用時(shí)域干擾相消算法，消除陣列天線各個(gè)陣元中接收到的主基站直達(dá)波和多徑干擾，然后再對(duì)天線各個(gè)陣元中的剩余信號(hào)進(jìn)行穩(wěn)健自適應(yīng)波束形成。在直達(dá)波和多徑干擾消除的基礎(chǔ)上，將天線的全部自由度應(yīng)用在抑制同頻基站的干擾上，從而能夠獲得更好的在空域上抑制同頻干擾的效果。在噪聲環(huán)境中，本文考慮到可能存在的直達(dá)波殘留，提出改進(jìn)的小波重構(gòu)算法，選擇含目標(biāo)成分較多的低頻層進(jìn)行重構(gòu)，而非傳統(tǒng)方法中的低頻層，根據(jù)信號(hào)與直達(dá)波的差別進(jìn)行選擇性重構(gòu)。仿真結(jié)果表明，本文所提出的小波閾值去噪方法，不僅對(duì)噪聲有良好的抑制效果，而且對(duì)殘留的直達(dá)波干擾也能有效去除。 （3）基于OFDM信號(hào)的無(wú)源雷達(dá)雜波信道估計(jì) 本文針對(duì)OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)外輻射源雷達(dá)探測(cè)存在的問(wèn)題，提出基于信號(hào)特性的處理方法，研究基于OFDM信號(hào)調(diào)制特性的外輻射源雷達(dá)雜波信道狀態(tài)信息估計(jì)方法。針對(duì)該體制雷達(dá)中純凈的直達(dá)波信號(hào)獲取問(wèn)題，提出基于模糊函數(shù)的方法提取導(dǎo)頻的周期信息，從而得到導(dǎo)頻的位置信息，然后利用導(dǎo)頻信息得到雜波信道脈沖響應(yīng)信息估計(jì)。相比常規(guī)的處理方法，本文方法能夠在參考信號(hào)包含多徑時(shí)得到正確的雜波信道狀態(tài)信息。 （4）基于馬爾可夫鏈蒙特卡羅（Markov Chain Monte Carlo, MCMC）過(guò)程權(quán)值優(yōu)選的改進(jìn)的粒子濾波跟蹤算法 在外輻射源雷達(dá)定位中，觀測(cè)量有信號(hào)到達(dá)角、信號(hào)時(shí)差、信號(hào)的多普勒頻率等，對(duì)應(yīng)于已有的定位方法有很多，如測(cè)向定位法、時(shí)差定位和差分多普勒定位法，以及融合多種參數(shù)和方法的聯(lián)合定位法等等。本文選擇TDOA和DOA的聯(lián)合定位方法，提高定位精度和穩(wěn)定性。在跟蹤方面，針對(duì)外輻射源目標(biāo)跟蹤中粒子濾波退化問(wèn)題，研究權(quán)值優(yōu)選的粒子濾波和基于MCMC過(guò)程的粒子濾波算法，并在對(duì)兩者分別進(jìn)行優(yōu)劣分析的基礎(chǔ)上提出了基于MCMC過(guò)程權(quán)值優(yōu)選的粒子濾波算法，結(jié)合了兩者的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，本文算法能夠在一定程度上解決了粒子多樣性喪失的問(wèn)題，提高了跟蹤精度。 （5）基于多頻段DVB-T信號(hào)和時(shí)頻分析法的無(wú)源雷達(dá)ISAR成像 目標(biāo)的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致ISAR成像模糊，因此，在傳統(tǒng)的雷達(dá)成像方法中，需要花大力氣做回波的距離對(duì)準(zhǔn)和相位對(duì)準(zhǔn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)補(bǔ)償。本文選擇了多頻段的DVB-T信號(hào)，通過(guò)獲取非相鄰?fù)ǖ赖男盘?hào)，巧妙的擴(kuò)展了信號(hào)頻帶，使頻帶足夠?qū)拸亩诔上裰蝎@得足夠高的分辨率。本文提出利用時(shí)頻分析的方法，避免復(fù)雜的運(yùn)動(dòng)補(bǔ)償，只要在距離向上對(duì)準(zhǔn)，多普勒頻率即可認(rèn)為是非時(shí)變的。這在很大程度上減少對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)補(bǔ)償?shù)囊蕾�，使目�?biāo)在做較為復(fù)雜的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)也能得到清晰的成像結(jié)果。并且，針對(duì)噪聲較大的情況下的成像，在采用了短時(shí)傅立葉變換（STFT）的時(shí)頻分析方法的基礎(chǔ)上，利用CLEAN算法，通過(guò)對(duì)圖像的解卷積濾波，去掉噪聲帶來(lái)的干擾，提取出散射點(diǎn)的位置信息。對(duì)比一般的成像算法，仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)證明STFT+CLEAN算法的結(jié)果更為清晰準(zhǔn)確。
[Abstract]:In the time domain, the modern war shows the process of implementing strategy, planning, game and evaluation. In the airspace, it represents the contention of controlling land, sea, air and heaven. It is particularly important to obtain, handle and apply the information, whether in the time domain or in the airspace. With the rapid development of high-tech weaponry, the information of the target is controlled by both the enemy and the enemy. In a sense, in a sense, modern warfare is information warfare. Military radar is the sensor of target information. The main functions of the modern war are target detection, location, tracking, classification, imaging, recognition, alarm and transmission. However, with the rapid development of anti radar technology, any military radar will be used. It faces four threats: stealth, anti radiation destruction, low altitude penetration and integrated electronic jamming.
The passive radar (Passive Radar) based on the external source signal is used to receive the non backscatter energy of the stealth target in different regions, and to achieve the anti stealth. Using the external radiation source signal as the transmitting signal, the anti radiation missile is not available and has the function of anti radiation missile, and the MIMO system is adopted. Adding double base angle can effectively improve low altitude detection performance and achieve low altitude penetration. Using interference source signal as a transmitting signal, effective positioning and tracking for interference sources can be implemented through multiple stations or single stations to achieve the purpose of anti-jamming. So it is widely concerned by radar researchers in various countries. In this paper, GSM or DVB-T is used as an external source of radiation, In this paper, the key technologies of passive radar are studied from the aspects of system feasibility, structure and theoretical algorithm.
(1) an improved adaptive beamforming method based on blocking signal is proposed to extract direct wave signals.
The reference signal is the reference signal of the coherent detection of the external radiation source radar, which directly affects the detection performance of the target signal. Only using the common beam formation may lead to the inaccuracy of the obtained signal, and the direct use of adaptive beamforming can not obtain the direct wave signal of the main base station. The main base station is formed in the direction of the main base station directly reaching the wave direction. At the same time, the zero sink is formed in the other strong interference direction. First, the direct wave signal of the main base station in the array antenna receiving signal is eliminated. Then the adaptive beam formation algorithm is used to obtain the optimal wave beam formation weight factor, then the beamforming is made to obtain the beamforming. The direct wave signal of the main base station. First, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the simulation data. Then the measured data are compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that the proposed method is better than the traditional LCMV adaptive beamforming method and is more suitable for engineering practice.
(2) passive radar jamming suppression method with time domain cancellation and beamforming.
Because the external radiation source radar uses third party non cooperative signals as the emission source, the receiver can not only receive the transmitting signal of the main base station, but also receive the same frequency interference signal and multipath interference emitted by other nearby base stations, and it is affected by the environmental noise. The direct and multipath interference of the main base station received in each antenna element is listed, and then the robust adaptive beamforming is made to the remaining signals in each antenna element. On the basis of the elimination of the direct and multipath interference, all the degrees of freedom of the antenna are applied to the interference of the same frequency base station, and the better in the space can be obtained. In the noise environment, in the noise environment, this paper proposes an improved wavelet reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the low frequency layer with more target components, instead of the low frequency layer in the traditional method, and the selective reconstruction of the low frequency layer in the traditional method. The proposed wavelet threshold denoising method can not only suppress the noise but also remove the residual direct wave interference effectively.
(3) passive radar clutter channel estimation based on OFDM signal
In this paper, in view of the problems existing in the detection of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) external radiation source radar, this paper proposes a processing method based on the signal characteristics, and studies the estimation method of the state information of the clutter channel based on the modulation characteristics of OFDM signal. Based on the fuzzy function method, the periodic information of pilot is extracted and the position information of the pilot is obtained. Then the estimation of the impulse response information of the clutter channel is obtained by using the pilot information. Compared with the conventional method, the method can get the correct information of the clutter channel state when the reference signal contains the multipath.
(4) Improved particle filter tracking algorithm based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) process weight optimization
In the location of the external radiation source radar, the observation has the signal arrival angle, the signal time difference, the Doppler frequency of the signal and so on, corresponding to the existing positioning methods, such as the direction finding location method, the time difference positioning and the difference Doppler location method, and the combination of various parameters and methods, etc.. This paper selects the joint location of TDOA and DOA. In the field of tracking, the particle filter and particle filter algorithm based on the MCMC process are studied, and the particle filter algorithm based on the weight optimization of the MCMC process is proposed on the basis of the analysis of the two. The experimental results show that the algorithm can solve the problem of loss of particle diversity to a certain extent and improve the tracking accuracy.
(5) passive radar ISAR imaging based on multi band DVB-T signal and time-frequency analysis method.
The motion of the target will lead to the blurred ISAR imaging. Therefore, in the traditional radar imaging method, it is necessary to take great effort to compensate the distance alignment and phase alignment of the echo. This paper selects the DVB-T signal of the multi frequency band. By obtaining the signals from the non adjacent channels, the signal frequency band is skillfully expanded to make the frequency band wide enough to be in the imaging. The method of time frequency analysis is proposed to avoid complex motion compensation. As long as the distance is aligned, the Doppler frequency can be considered as non time-varying. This reduces the dependence on motion compensation to a large extent, and makes the target clear imaging results in a more complex motion. And, Based on the time-frequency analysis method of short time Fu Liye transform (STFT), based on the time-frequency analysis method of short time Fu Liye transform, the CLEAN algorithm is used to extract the position information of the scattering point by removing the deconvolution filtering of the image and removing the noise caused by the noise. Comparison of the general imaging algorithm and the simulation experiment prove the result of the STFT+CLEAN algorithm. It's more clear and accurate.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：TN957.51

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