本文關鍵詞： 巖體 水力壓裂 非均勻性 數(shù)值模擬 裂紋擴展　出處：《東北大學》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：水力壓裂是一種廣泛應用于石油天然氣開采及地應力測量的技術,其中油氣開采的主要原理為通過地面高壓泵組將壓裂液以超過地層吸收能力的排量注入井中,從而在井底附近的地層產生裂縫,后注入帶有支撐劑的攜砂液,形成具有一定幾何尺寸和導流能力的填砂裂縫,以達到油氣開采增產增注的目的。 相對比常規(guī)油氣資源來說,非常規(guī)油氣資源具有成藏地質條件復雜,儲層非均質性強,滲透率低的特點,其開發(fā)難度更大,技術要求更高。隨著常規(guī)油氣資源的逐漸開采殆盡,儲量豐富且分布廣泛的非常規(guī)油氣資源在全球能源結構中開始占領主要地位,因此在人類工程活動范圍越來越廣及常規(guī)油氣地下有效動用儲量下限不斷降低的今天,非常規(guī)油氣開發(fā)條件下的巖石水力壓裂機理問題是眾多學者探索的目標,它不僅是熱點和難點問題,并且是亟需解決的問題。 自上世紀90年代以來,計算機模擬方法日趨成熟,并且它相對于傳統(tǒng)物理試驗方法具有成本低、周期短、效率高的優(yōu)點,可對同一模型進行不同荷載的多次模擬,所以對于巖石水力壓裂機理問題的研究,通過數(shù)值方法,輔以物理試驗,才是最終解決這一難題的有效手段。 本文以數(shù)值模擬為研究手段,以頁巖巖體為研究對象,突破傳統(tǒng)斷裂力學方法基于連續(xù)均勻介質且只能研究均勻單一巖層水力壓裂問題的限制,以當前石油領域工程中面臨的一些具體問題為研究背景,從宏觀角度深入認識巖體水力壓裂機理問題,以揭示非常規(guī)油氣儲層內的非均質頁巖巖體在復雜條件下的水力裂紋擴展規(guī)律為研究目標,對巖體水力壓裂問題展開研究,研究結果有望為現(xiàn)場施工及設計提供借鑒及指導,具有較高的理論意義及實際應用價值。主要工作包括以下幾個方面： 1.應用RFPA2D2.0-Flow數(shù)值模擬軟件,分別建立層理頁巖、地應力變化頁巖巖體以及定向射孔頁巖巖體二維數(shù)值模型,通過巖體滲流流量、聲發(fā)射、模型起裂壓力、破裂壓力等關鍵指標,研究復雜條件下的頁巖巖體基本滲流-損傷特性及水力壓裂機理,全面分析層理參數(shù)、地應力差值及定向射孔對水力壓裂的影響規(guī)律。 2.針對裂隙頁巖巖體內復雜縫網(wǎng)的形成及儲層體積改造,對天然裂隙頁巖巖體的水力壓裂全過程進行數(shù)值模擬研究,全面分析單裂隙頁巖巖體及多裂隙頁巖巖體的井下壓裂裂紋開裂擴展規(guī)律及與天然裂隙相交模式。 3.以分段壓裂為研究背景,提出雙階壓裂的概念,以水平井內垂直于井筒的兩條平行壓裂裂縫為研究對象,研究分段壓裂完成后,在最大主地應力與預期裂縫方向垂直的前提下,雙縫長度、間隔及暫堵材料性質對裂紋開裂擴展的影響規(guī)律及復雜縫網(wǎng)的形成規(guī)律。
[Abstract]:Hydraulic fracturing is a widely used measure of stress and mining oil and natural gas technology, the main principle of the exploitation of oil and gas through the ground pressure pump group of fracturing fluid to over strata absorption capacity of displacement injection well, resulting in the formation of cracks near the bottom, after injection with proppant carrying fluid, formation sand filling cracks with certain geometric dimensions and the conductivity of the oil and gas production in order to achieve the purpose of production and injection increasing.
Compared with the conventional oil and gas resources, unconventional oil and gas resources with the accumulation of complex geological conditions, strong reservoir heterogeneity, the characteristics of low permeability, its development is more difficult, higher technical requirements. With the gradual depletion of conventional oil and gas resources, unconventional oil and gas resources is abundant and widely distributed to occupy the main position in the global energy structure, so in the increasingly wide range of human engineering activities and conventional oil and gas reserves continue to lower limit of underground effective today, hydraulic fracturing mechanism of oil and gas development under the conditions of unconventional many scholars to explore the objectives, it is not only a hot and difficult problem, and it is urgent to to solve the problem.
Since the last century since 90s, the computer simulation method has become more mature, and it is compared with the traditional physical test method has the advantages of low cost, short cycle, high efficiency, the simulation can be carried out in different loads on the same model, so the problem of rock hydraulic fracturing mechanism studied by numerical methods, supplemented by physical test, it is effective the final way to solve this problem.
In this paper, by numerical simulation, using shale rock as research object, break through the traditional fracture mechanics method of continuous homogeneous medium and only homogeneous single rock hydraulic fracturing problem based on the restricted to some specific problems currently in the field of petroleum engineering as the research background, from a macro perspective, in-depth understanding of the rock hydraulic fracturing mechanism, in order to reveal unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in the heterogeneous shale rock hydraulic crack under complex conditions propagation as the research object, research on rock hydraulic fracturing, the results are expected for the construction and design field to provide reference and guidance, and practical application has a high theoretical significance value. The main work includes the following aspects:
1. application of numerical simulation software RFPA2D2.0-Flow, established bedding shale, shale rock and numerical changes of stress oriented perforating shale mass flow through the two-dimensional model, acoustic emission, seepage model, fracturing pressure, fracture pressure and other key indicators, to study the complex conditions of shale rock basic seepage damage characteristics and hydraulic fracturing mechanism, comprehensive analysis bedding parameters, effect of stress on hydraulic fracturing and perforation.
2. for the fractured shale rock complex fracture formation and reservoir volume network transformation, numerical simulation is conducted on the whole process of natural fracture shale rock hydraulic fracturing, a comprehensive analysis of downhole fracturing crack and rock fractured shale fractured shale rock crack propagation and intersect with the natural fracture mode.
In the 3. subsection fracturing as the research background, puts forward the concept of double step horizontal wells in fracturing, perpendicular to the shaft of the two parallel fracture as the research object, research fracturing, in the premise of maximum principal stress and the expected direction of crack under the vertical, double slit length, interval and temporary plugging material properties on crack influence of extended and complex fracture network formation rule.

【學位授予單位】：東北大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TE357.11

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