本文關(guān)鍵詞：水質(zhì)條件對外來入侵生物水葫蘆生長的影響，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

水質(zhì)條件對外來入侵生物水葫蘆生長的影響

水質(zhì)條件對外來入侵生物水葫蘆生長的影響

水葫蘆（Eichhornia crassipes （Mart．）Solms．）（學(xué)名：鳳眼蓮），原產(chǎn)于南美洲，約上世紀(jì)初傳入中國的水生草本植物現(xiàn)已成為世界十大惡性雜草之一。目前在我國的福建、廣東、云南、江蘇、浙江、湖北、河南等17個省市均有分布。水葫蘆在江河湖與池塘的水面大量滋生，抑制了其它水生植物的正常生長，堵塞航道，威脅漁業(yè)的發(fā)展，污染環(huán)境，對環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會發(fā)展帶來了重大的損失。當(dāng)前，國內(nèi)外相繼采用物理防治（人工或機(jī)械打撈）、化學(xué)防除（除草劑）和生物防治（引進(jìn)天敵、病原菌和化感作用）的策略來制約水葫蘆的瘋長，但都沒有取得理想的效果。因此，進(jìn)一步研究可持續(xù)性，防治效能高的治理措施對于水葫蘆的防治具有重大意 義。探討水葫蘆與周圍生境的關(guān)系，通過生境調(diào)控的策略從根本上治理水葫蘆泛濫的報(bào)道甚少。為此，本研究通過對福建省水葫蘆分布地的調(diào)查，淺析淺析導(dǎo)致水葫蘆滋生的主要水質(zhì)因子和環(huán)境條件，并探討了水體中不同N、P濃度及pH對水葫蘆生長的影響，從而為福建省水葫蘆的綜合治理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要結(jié)果如下：1．福建省水葫蘆的分布及為害情況從全省范圍來看，南平，福州，漳州3地受水葫蘆危害程度比較嚴(yán)重，閩江流域和九龍江流域水葫蘆分布廣泛。三明、龍巖、泉州和莆田的水葫蘆主要分布在魚塘、水壩以及部分內(nèi)河，一定程度上影響了當(dāng)?shù)厮a(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的發(fā)展與水電站的正常運(yùn)行。寧德、廈門兩地水葫蘆危害程度較輕。2．福建省水質(zhì)條件與水葫蘆生長的關(guān)系對水體質(zhì)量的調(diào)查表明：福建省內(nèi)水葫蘆發(fā)生地水體總氮和總磷含量較高，水中溶解氧較低，水體質(zhì)量下降，富營養(yǎng)化的水體為水葫蘆的成功入侵及蔓延提供了優(yōu)越條件。從各觀測點(diǎn)的調(diào)查得出，在我省各水域水質(zhì)條件下，隨著總氮和總磷含量的增高，水葫蘆的長勢逐漸增強(qiáng)。N是影響水葫蘆生長的關(guān)鍵因素，主要推動水葫蘆的向上生長，提高總生物量；P推動水葫蘆分裂和橫向生長，提高水葫蘆匍匐莖數(shù)和葉柄數(shù)。3．三種不同水質(zhì)對水葫蘆生長發(fā)育的影響處理Md(TN：13．8 mg·L-1，，TP：0．614 mg·L-1)在總N濃度上遠(yuǎn)大于處理CK(TN：1．17 mg·L-1，TP：0．014 mg·L-1)和處理Ro(TN：0．156 mg·L-1，TP：<0．005 mg·L-1)，但三者的總P濃度均小于0．1 mg．L-1。培養(yǎng)60日后從水葫蘆的形態(tài)上看，在缺N、P（處理Ro）條件下，生長明顯受到抑制；從水葫蘆的生物量增長情況來看，水葫蘆在缺N缺P條件下，生長發(fā)育速率緩慢，在培養(yǎng)60日后與處理Md（含N缺P）生物量增加值的差值達(dá)到最高。這進(jìn)一步表明水體中N濃度是限制水葫蘆生長的最主要因素，而水葫蘆的生長對P濃度的需求比較低。4．水體不同營養(yǎng)條件對水葫蘆生長發(fā)育的影響（1）生長特性水葫蘆分別在水體N濃度25-30 mg·L-1、P濃度5．7-7 mg·L-1或水體pH值7-9的范圍內(nèi)生長情況最佳，高于或低于這個范圍，水葫蘆的生長發(fā)育均受到不同程度的抑制。（2）生物量水葫蘆分別在水體N濃度30 mg·L-1、P濃度6．33 mg·L-1或水體pH值7-9的條件下，生物量增加值最大，高于或低于這個值或范圍，水葫蘆生物量的增加均受到不同程度的抑制。（3）葉綠素含量葉綠素含量分別在各營養(yǎng)條件下均有不同程度的下降，其中，N和P高濃度處理的葉綠素含量下降程度甚至超過了低濃度處理。在水體N濃度20-30 mg·L-1或水體P濃度4-5 mg·L-1范圍內(nèi)，水葫蘆葉綠素含量下降值較低；pH為3和5的兩個處理溶解氧濃度下降速度快于其他濃度處理。在水體pH值在7-9的范圍內(nèi)，水葫蘆葉綠素含量下降值較低。（4）覆蓋率水葫蘆分別在水體N濃度25 mg·L-1、水體P濃度7 mg·L-1或水體pH值7時(shí)，試驗(yàn)前后覆蓋率差值達(dá)到最大。（5）溶解氧濃度在不同營養(yǎng)條件轉(zhuǎn)變著水葫蘆生長發(fā)育情況的同時(shí)，水葫蘆的生長也導(dǎo)致水體溶解氧濃度的不斷下降。高濃度處理N6(30 mg·L-1)、N7(35mg·L-1)的溶解氧濃度下降幅度明顯大于N1(5 mg·L-1)、N2(10 mg·L-1)等低濃度處理；處理P2(5 mg·L-1)和P5(8 mg·L-1)的溶解氧濃度下降幅度略大于其他濃度處理；pH為3和5的兩個處理溶解氧濃度下降幅度略快大其它pH處理。

【Abstract】 Water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes （Mart.） Solms.） , which originated from South America and was first introduced into China in 1900’s, has become one of the most invasive aquatic weeds in the world. It is now widely spreading in many Chinese provinces, like Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Henan. Water hyacinth growes mainly in rivers, lakes and ponds to form a monotonous dominant population, which suppressed the growth of other aquatic plants and has caused serious social, economic and environmental losses with its fast extending distribution and development. In places infested with the weed, waterways are often blocked and thus water transportation for industry and tourism affected. At present, mechanical control （e.g. hand-pulling and use of draglines）, chemical control, and biological control （introducing natural enemies, pathogens and plant allelopathy） have been used to control water hyacinth in most countries affected by the infestation of the weed. However, these control measures have each their own disadvantages or setbacks to put them into practice. To develop a more sustainable and effective control strategy of water hyacinth, further research will be needed on both the methods now available and the methods with potentials. There is no report about controlling water hyacinth using ecological measures and exploiting the relationship between water hyacinth and its environment in China. Therefore, this paper mainly analysed the relationship between the predominant water quality, environmental factors, and the growth status of water hyacinth. The effects of different nutrient levels, such as, N, P and pH, on water hyacinth were measured, thus providing a solid and scientific base for developing an integrated control system of water hyacinth in Fujian Province.The results were as follows:1. Distribution and severe damage of water hyacinth in FujianAcross the Fujian province, water hyacinth had caused severe damage in Nanping, Fuzhou and Zhangzhou. It’s also widely distributed along the Min River and Wu Long River. Water hyacinth mainly grows in ponds, lakes and in some inland rivers that inhibited the aquiculture life and the function of waterpower station to a certain extent in Sanming, Longyan , Quanzhou and Putian. There was also a slight damage caused by the infestation of water hyacinth in Ningde and Xiamen.2. Relationship between water quality and growth status of water hyacinth Research of the relationship showed that in places infested with the weed, water quality was lower due to higher total nitrogen and total phosphorus as well as lower dissolved oxygen. Eutrophication of water provided superior and ideal condition for the growth of water hyacinth. All of these surveys indicated that water hyacinth growed well with a higher total nitrogen and phosphorus under different water qualities in Fujian province. Nitrogen was the most important factors that restricted the development of water hyacinth. The weed was not so sensitive to phosphorus. Otherwise, the total phosphorus greatly influenced the number of stolons and petioles. Total nitrogen played a significant part in the upward growth of water hyacinth.3. Effects of three kinds of water quality on the growth status of water hyacinth: In the solution, concentration of total nitrogen in treatment Md (Total N: 13.8 mg·L-1, Total P: 0.614 mg·L-1) was much higher than that of the CK (Total N: 1.17 mg·L-1, Total P: 0.014 mg·L-1) and Ro (Total N: 0.156 mg·L-1, Total P: <0.005 mg·L-1), but total phosphorus was only lowered by 0.1 mg.L-1 in each of the three treatments. After 60 days, the growth was inhibited under treatment Ro without nitrogen and phosphorus. The measured biomass of water hyacinth also had slow development under the same condition. The difference between Ro and Md （cultured with nitrogen and without phosphorus） reached the highest level after 60 days of treatment. The result indicated that nitrogen concentration was the most important factor in limiting the growth of water hyacinth, while it acquired little growth from the phosphorus.4. The impact of the water hyacinth growth and development for different water nutritional conditions （1） Growth characteristics The growth performance of water hyacinth was the best in the water of which the N concentration was in the range of 25-30 mg.L-1, P concentration was in the range of 5.7～7 mg.L-1 or the pH was in the range 7～9. The growth of water hyacinth was subject to varying degrees of restrictions if the related index of water were higher or lower than this range.（2） BiomassThe biomass of water hyacinth increased the most in the water in which the N concentration was 30 mg.L-1, P was 6.33 mg.L-1, or the pH was in7～9. The increase of the biomass was subject to varying degrees of restrictions if the related index of water were higher or lower than this range.（3） Chlorophyll contentThe chlorophyll content had different levels of drop in the nutrition conditions, in which, the chlorophyll content dropped when the N or P had a high concentration and was processed higher than when the N or P was processed in low concentration. The decreased value of water hyacinth chlorophyll content was low in the water whose N was in the range of 20～30 mg.L-1, or the P was in the range of 4～5 mg.L-1, the decreasing speed of treated dissolved oxygen concentration where the pH was 3 and 5 was faster than the others. The decreased value of water hyacinth chlorophyll content was low in the water where pH was in the range of 7～9.（4） Coverage rateD-value of the coverage, before and after the experiment reached the maximum in the water where N was 25 mg.L-1, P 7 mg.L-1 or the pH 7.（5） Dissolved oxygen concentrationAt the time of that the different nutritional conditions changed the growth and development of water hyacinth, the growth of water hyacinth had resulted in the drop of the concentration of dissolved oxygen. The decreasing range of dissolved oxygen concentration in high nitrogen concentration with N6 (30 mg.L-1) and N7 (35 mg.L-1) were faster than that in N1(5 mg.L-1) and N2(10 mg.L-1). It also showed that in treatments P2 (5 mg.L-1) and P5 (8 mg.L-1), with a pH 3 and 5 respectively, the decreasing range of dissolved oxygen concentration was little faster than other relative treatments.

【關(guān)鍵詞】 水葫蘆； 水體質(zhì)量； 富營養(yǎng)化； 外來生物入侵； 生境調(diào)控；
【Key words】 Eichhornia crassipes； Water quality； Eutrophication； Biological invasive； Habitat management；

更多論文推薦: 各專業(yè)論文 海量論文下載

上一篇文章： 旅游管理專業(yè)飯店管理概談?wù)n程革新探討

下一篇文章： 新疆維吾爾族園林技藝民俗的變遷

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：水質(zhì)條件對外來入侵生物水葫蘆生長的影響，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

本文編號：68642