本文關(guān)鍵詞： 海南高爾夫旅游 生物多樣性 景觀結(jié)構(gòu) 造景藝術(shù)手法 美景度　出處：《海南大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：海南位于熱帶北緣,是我國不可多得的熱帶島嶼,其獨特的氣候條件和自然環(huán)境使之成為國內(nèi)外盛名的旅游度假勝地。隨著海南國際旅游島的興建,高爾夫產(chǎn)業(yè)得到了快速的發(fā)展。事實證明,高爾夫產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)成為海南旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)的有機組成部分。它以特色旅游為先導(dǎo),依托高爾夫運動的媒介優(yōu)勢,在推動區(qū)域經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、社會文化進步和生態(tài)環(huán)境改善等方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。 �？谑胁粌H是海南省的省會與旅游重地,也是海南高爾夫旅游的發(fā)源地。它在海南高爾夫產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展歷程中,不僅發(fā)展最早、球場數(shù)量最多。此外更為重要的是,海口地區(qū)擁有對高爾夫園林造景具有獨意義的火山巖植被景觀。因此研究�？诘貐^(qū)高爾夫園林景觀對于整個海南乃至熱帶地區(qū)高爾夫園林景觀的建設(shè)與發(fā)展都具有重要意義。 本研究以海南國際旅游島建設(shè)及海南高爾夫發(fā)展的巨大潛力為背景,從高爾夫球場建設(shè)與發(fā)展的學(xué)術(shù)和理論研究出發(fā),綜合相關(guān)學(xué)科理論,按照年代排序選擇了3個具有代表性的高爾夫球場(三公里國際、月亮灣和東山高爾夫)進行研究。首先,通過實地觀測取樣及文獻資料收集,對高爾夫球場建設(shè)與規(guī)劃中的生物群落、景觀格局、造景手法、美景度等內(nèi)在因素進行分析,建立數(shù)字模型分析其內(nèi)在關(guān)系,然后再通過層次分析法、專家咨詢法和模糊數(shù)學(xué)法相結(jié)合的綜合方法對其內(nèi)在質(zhì)量進行綜合評價。通過分析研究,取得了一些新的認識和結(jié)論,主要包括： (1)生物多樣性評價 高爾夫球場物種多樣性高低呈現(xiàn)時間規(guī)律,建設(shè)時期越晚的球場越注重物種的豐富程度,但整體物種豐富度仍遠低于城市綠化一般標準。各球場群落類型最高為7種,群落結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,灌木層和草本層中少數(shù)植被占統(tǒng)治地位,灌木以馬纓丹為主,草本以蟛蜞菊為主。各高爾夫球場植物種植人工化嚴重,其中三公里國際高爾夫中灌木人工化最嚴重(75%),月亮灣高爾夫中喬木人工化最嚴重(95.83%),東山高爾夫中喬木和灌木人工化最嚴重,分別占46.88%和43.75%。 (2)園林造景手法評價 3個高爾夫球場植物造景基本符合高爾夫園林造景藝術(shù)原則。三公里國際高爾夫更加注重造景手法的多樣性,主要通過地形和山石來造景。月亮灣高爾夫主要通過植物的群植、叢植等種植方式強調(diào)小尺度空間的景觀效果；東山高爾夫主要通過植物的列植和孤植的種植方式強調(diào)大空間的尺度感。各高爾夫球場在造景方式運用上多強調(diào)視覺感受,但在景觀內(nèi)涵和韻味方面并不突出,在植物選擇和搭配細節(jié)上也缺乏文化性和區(qū)域特色。 (3)美景度評價 美景度評價數(shù)據(jù)穩(wěn)定性與球場景觀元素復(fù)雜程度有關(guān)；景觀元素越復(fù)雜,評價結(jié)果穩(wěn)定性越低。其次,相同的評價標準下,不同認知水平的人群差異不顯著,基本符合認知水平越高、評價得分越低的規(guī)律。最后,各功能區(qū)景觀評價數(shù)據(jù)之間沒有明顯差異,評價數(shù)據(jù)浮動主要受到照片內(nèi)在景觀元素種類和復(fù)雜程度影響。其規(guī)律體現(xiàn)在含有景觀元素種類最多的照片評分最高,其中含植物元素的照片評分最高,其次為草坪、地形、水體、山石。 (4)景觀結(jié)構(gòu)評價 3個球場斑塊類型和特征符合高爾夫球場布局的一般規(guī)律。草坪占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位,是景觀的控制斑塊。人工林和次生林斑塊特征隨草坪斑塊而變動。原生林為原場地植物保留區(qū)域,各球場原生林斑塊位置和面積大小均不相同。三公里國際高爾夫中原生林保留面積較完整,分布在球場內(nèi)部和外緣。月亮灣高爾夫中原生林大量保留,但斑塊單一,平均面積小,分散在球場內(nèi)部。東山高爾夫中原生林面積和數(shù)量較較少,主要存于球場外緣區(qū)域。 各球場空間布局呈現(xiàn)明顯的時間規(guī)律,隨著球場建設(shè)時間推移,其景觀結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化和結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性也隨著提高。各球場景觀結(jié)構(gòu)側(cè)重點各不相同,其中三公里國際高爾夫較注重娛樂性和觀賞性的協(xié)調(diào)結(jié)合,由于建設(shè)時間較晚,其主要造景植物多為新近移植和栽植,在景觀材質(zhì)上有所欠缺。月亮灣高爾夫較注重觀賞性,但其景觀整體一致性上較差。東山高爾夫較注重整體景觀,但其景觀元素較少,景觀較單調(diào)。 (5)綜合評價 通過綜合評價方法,建立了高爾夫園林景觀與4個影響因素(生物多樣性、景觀結(jié)構(gòu)、造景手法、美景度)的綜合評價體系。因素權(quán)重計算表明,各因素影響權(quán)重依次為：生物多樣性(0.4995)景觀結(jié)構(gòu)(0.2885)造景藝術(shù)手法(0.1465)美景度(0.0655),其中生物多樣性的指標權(quán)重最大,接近總權(quán)重的50%。因子層得分表明三個球場各具特色,三公里國際高爾夫在各項指標上都比較優(yōu)秀；月亮灣高爾夫美景度評價較高,但景觀結(jié)構(gòu)評分較低；東山高爾夫美景度評價較低,但景觀結(jié)構(gòu)評分較高。綜合評價結(jié)果表明三個球場景觀效果評價皆為良以上,其大小排序為：三公里國際高爾夫月亮灣高爾夫東山高爾夫。
[Abstract]:Hainan is located in the tropics, is China's rare tropical island, its unique climatic conditions and natural environment to become the domestic and foreign famous tourist resort. With the Hainan international tourism island construction, golf industry has got fast development. In fact, the golf industry has become an integral part of the tourism industry in Hainan. It takes tourism as the guide, relying on golf media advantages, promoting regional economic development, has played an important role in the progress of social culture and ecological environment improvement.
Haikou city is not only the capital of Hainan province and tourist area, Hainan is also the birthplace of golf tourism. It is in the course of development of the golf industry in Hainan, not only the development of the earliest, the largest number of courses. In addition, more importantly, the Haikou area has the volcano rock vegetation landscape has unique significance to golf garden design so on. Is of great significance to the construction and development of the golf landscape in Haikou for the whole of Hainan and the tropics Golf landscape.
In the context of the enormous potential of the construction of Hainan international tourism island and Hainan golf development, starting from the academic and theoretical research on the construction and development of the golf course, the comprehensive related theories, according to the time sequence selected 3 representative Golf Course (three km international, Moon Bay and Dongshan Golf) were studied. First of all, through field observation and sampling and literature collection, the biological community, the golf course construction and planning of the landscape pattern, landscape, inner beauty and other factors analysis, the establishment of digital model to analyze their internal relations, and then through the AHP method, the comprehensive method combining Delphi method and fuzzy mathematics method synthetically the evaluation of its internal quality. Through the analysis, obtained some new conclusions, including:
(1) evaluation of biodiversity
The golf course level of species diversity in present time rules and construction period of the late course pay more attention to the richness of species, but the overall species richness is still far below the city greening in general. The stadium was the highest of 7 kinds of community types, community structure simple, shrub layer and herb layer in a vegetation dominated by shrub Lantana Dan, herb to Wedelia chinensis. The golf course plant plantation seriously, of which three km International Golf in the most serious artificial shrub (75%), Moon Bay Golf in the most serious artificial trees (95.83%), Dongshan Golf in artificial trees and shrubs of the most serious, accounting for 46.88% and 43.75%.
(2) evaluation of landscape gardening manipulation
3 Golf Course Golf landscape plant landscape basically conforms to the artistic principle. Three km International Golf pay more attention to the diversity of landscaping, landscaping to mainly through the terrain and the mountains of stone. The Moon Bay Golf plants mainly through mass planting, clump planting and landscape effect planting emphasis on small scale space; Dongshan Golf mainly emphasized by plants column planting and planting isolated planting large space scale. The golf course in the way of making use of more emphasis on visual perception, but not prominent in the landscape connotation and charm, in plant selection and collocation of details are lack of cultural and regional characteristics.
(3) beauty evaluation
Beauty evaluation data stability and landscape elements related to the complexity of landscape elements; more complex, the lower the stability evaluation results. Secondly, the same evaluation standard, different levels of cognitive different groups is not significant, consistent with the cognitive level is higher, the lower the score evaluation rule. Finally, there is no significant difference between the various functional areas landscape evaluation data, mainly by the photo inner landscape elements type and complexity of the floating data. The rules embodied in the evaluation of landscape elements containing a picture with most types of score was the highest, which contains elements of plant pictures score was the highest, followed by the lawn, terrain, water, rocks.
(4) landscape structure evaluation
3 course plaque types and characteristics consistent with the general rules of golf course layout. Turf dominated and control landscape. The artificial forest and secondary forest patch characteristics vary with the lawn patches. Primary forest site plant original reserved area, the original forest patch position and pitch size are not the same. Three km international the Central Plains forest Golf retention area is more complete, the distribution in the course of internal and outer edge. The Central Plains forest reserve a large number of Moon Bay Golf, but single plaque, average area of small, scattered in the interior court. Central Plains forest area of Dongshan Golf and the number is less, the main stadium in outer area.
The court space layout presentation time were studied, with the stadium construction time, the variety and structure of landscape structure stability are also increased. The landscape structure is dissimilar, including three km of international golf more emphasis on entertainment and enjoyment of the coordination with, due to the construction of late, the main landscape plants for newly transplanted and cultivated, lacking in landscape material. The Moon Bay Golf pay more attention to watch, but the overall landscape consistency is poor. Pay more attention to the overall landscape of Dongshan Golf, but landscape elements less, landscape is relatively monotonous.
(5) comprehensive evaluation
Through the comprehensive evaluation method, establish the golf landscape and the 4 factors (biodiversity, landscape structure, landscape, beauty) comprehensive evaluation system. The factor weight calculation shows that the factors affecting the weight is as follows: the biodiversity of landscape structure (0.4995) (0.2885) (0.1465) the beauty of landscape art techniques degree (0.0655), in which the index weights of biodiversity, 50%. factor scores close to the total weight of the layer shows that three courses have their own characteristics, three km International Golf in each index is excellent; the Moon Bay Golf beauty evaluation is higher, but lower scores on the landscape structure; low Dongshan Golf beauty evaluation. But the landscape structure score was higher. The comprehensive evaluation results show that the evaluation of three landscape effect is good, the order of three km Moon Bay International Golf Golf Golf Dongshan.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：海南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：TU986;S688

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