【摘要】：隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械成為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中不可或缺的勞動(dòng)工具。農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械對(duì)土壤造成的負(fù)面影響已經(jīng)引起國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注。本文采用室內(nèi)單軸壓縮試驗(yàn)探討黑土在不同容重、含水量,黏粒、TOC的初始條件下的壓縮特性,并研究了田間機(jī)械碾壓次數(shù)對(duì)不同土層土壤物理性狀的影響。研究結(jié)果如下：(1)土壤初始含水量、容重及其交互作用對(duì)黑土的先期固結(jié)壓力(σp)和壓縮指數(shù)(Cc)的影響是極顯著的(P0.01)。先期固結(jié)壓力與土壤容重呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系而與初始含水量呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(P0.01),其中先期固結(jié)壓力容重1.5 g·cm-3較1.1 g.cm-3增幅達(dá)749.7%,含水量25%較15%降幅達(dá)36.3%。容重與壓縮指數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(P0.05)。土壤對(duì)外界的抵抗能力隨著容重的增加而增加,而隨著含水量的增加而減小,且含水量越高,土壤受到外力后,更容易發(fā)生形變。(2)黏粒添加量、TOC及其交互作用對(duì)黑土土壤的先期固結(jié)壓力、壓縮指數(shù)均會(huì)產(chǎn)生顯著影響(P＜0.05)；其中黏粒添加量與TOC均與σp呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。黏粒與TOC含量的增加均會(huì)使黑土先期固結(jié)壓力增大,其中先期固結(jié)壓力黏粒添加量40%較無(wú)黏粒添加量比增幅達(dá)73.5%；高有機(jī)質(zhì)含量土壤較低有機(jī)質(zhì)含量土壤比增幅達(dá)158.6%；土壤TOC含量與黏粒含量越高,壓縮指數(shù)越大,土壤被壓縮后越容易發(fā)生形變。(3)田間機(jī)械碾壓試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：對(duì)于同一土層,碾壓次數(shù)與土壤容重、機(jī)械阻力成正相關(guān)關(guān)系(P0.05)；與土壤孔隙度、飽和導(dǎo)水率呈負(fù)相關(guān)；碾壓對(duì)上層土壤影響最大,與對(duì)照相比,0-10cm土層容重最高增幅達(dá)40%,孔隙度最高降幅29.1%,各處理0-20cm土層飽和導(dǎo)水率的降幅均達(dá)到99%以上。同一碾壓次數(shù)下隨土層深度的增加,土壤物理性狀的改變逐漸減小。碾壓次數(shù)達(dá)到兩次及以上時(shí),碾壓次數(shù)對(duì)同一土層間的機(jī)械阻力,飽和導(dǎo)水率的影響不明顯。綜上,初始容重、含水量和有機(jī)質(zhì)、黏粒含量是影響供試土壤農(nóng)田黑土預(yù)固結(jié)壓力值和壓縮指數(shù)的重要因素。土壤預(yù)固結(jié)壓力值同初始容重、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、黏粒含量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,同初始含水量呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。土壤壓縮指數(shù)與初始容重呈負(fù)相關(guān)、與黏粒含量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系、而與含水量關(guān)系不密切。田間機(jī)械碾壓對(duì)0-30cm土壤容重、機(jī)械阻力和飽和導(dǎo)水率影響較大。建議在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中要注意適耕期,減少農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械碾壓次數(shù)。
[Abstract]:With the continuous progress of science and technology, agricultural machinery has become an indispensable labor tool in agricultural production. The negative effects of agricultural machinery on soil have attracted wide attention of scholars at home and abroad. In this paper, the compression characteristics of black soil under the initial conditions of different bulk density, water content, clay and TOC were studied by uniaxial compression test in laboratory, and the effect of field mechanical compaction times on soil physical properties of different soil layers was studied. The results were as follows: (1) the effects of initial soil moisture content, bulk density and their interaction on the preconsolidation pressure (蟽 p) and compression index (Cc) of black soil were significant (P0.01). There was a positive correlation between preconsolidation pressure and soil bulk density and a negative correlation between preconsolidation pressure and initial water content (P0. 01). The preconsolidation pressure bulk density of 1. 5 g cm-3 was 74. 7% higher than that of 1. 1 g.cm-3. The water content of 25% is 36.3% lower than that of 15%. There was a negative correlation between bulk density and compression index (P0.05). The resistance of soil to the outside increases with the increase of bulk density, but decreases with the increase of water content, and the higher the water content is, the more easily the soil is deformed when it is subjected to external force. (2) the amount of clay added, TOC and its interaction had significant effects on the preconsolidation pressure and compression index of black soil (P < 0. 05). There was a significant positive correlation between the addition of clay and TOC and 蟽 p. The increase of clay and TOC content increased the preconsolidation pressure of black soil, and the 40% content of preconsolidation pressure clay increased 73.5% than that of non-clay. The increase of soil ratio of high organic matter content to low organic matter content was 158.6; The higher the content of TOC and clay, the greater the compression index, and the more easily the soil deformed after compression. (3) the results of field mechanical rolling test showed that: for the same soil layer, the compaction times and the bulk density of soil were increased. The mechanical resistance was positively correlated (P0.05); There was a negative correlation between soil porosity and saturated water conductivity. The effect of compaction on the upper soil was the greatest. Compared with the control, the maximum bulk density of 0-10cm soil increased by 40, the highest porosity decreased by 29.1and the saturated water conductivity of each 0-20cm soil layer decreased by more than 99%. With the increase of soil depth, the change of soil physical properties decreased gradually under the same rolling times. When the rolling times reach two or more times, the influence of rolling times on the mechanical resistance and saturated water conductivity of the same soil layer is not obvious. In conclusion, the initial bulk density, water content, organic matter content and clay content are the important factors that affect the preconsolidation pressure and compression index of the black soil. Soil preconsolidation pressure was positively correlated with initial bulk density, organic matter content and clay content, but negatively correlated with initial water content. Soil compression index was negatively correlated with initial bulk density, positively correlated with clay content, but not closely related to water content. Field mechanical compaction has a great effect on 0-30cm soil bulk density, mechanical resistance and saturated water conductivity. It is suggested that we should pay attention to the suitable tillage period and reduce the rolling times of agricultural machinery in agricultural production.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S152;S220

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