長(zhǎng)期施肥對(duì)黑土化學(xué)性質(zhì)、微生物區(qū)系組成和活性的影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-26 14:42
【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展依賴于土壤的持續(xù)利用,土壤的持續(xù)利用要求土壤肥力的維持和提高,土壤肥力包括土壤的物理肥力、化學(xué)肥力和生物肥力。施肥是對(duì)土壤肥力影響最大的農(nóng)業(yè)措施之一。黑土是我國(guó)主要耕地土壤之一,主要分布在我國(guó)東北糧食產(chǎn)區(qū)的吉林和黑龍江兩個(gè)省,占兩省耕地總面積的二分之一。黑土雖然開墾較晚,但是由于重用輕養(yǎng),土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量呈下降,養(yǎng)分耗損量大,黑土層變薄,土壤肥力下降。所以,本研究以玉米高產(chǎn)體系下的吉林省公主嶺的國(guó)家黑土肥力和肥料效益長(zhǎng)期定位試驗(yàn)基地為平臺(tái),研究長(zhǎng)期不同施肥對(duì)玉米生育期內(nèi)土壤化學(xué)指標(biāo)和生物肥力指標(biāo)的影響,并進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析。在玉米五個(gè)關(guān)鍵生期(苗期、拔節(jié)期、開花期、灌漿期和收獲期)采集土樣,測(cè)定土壤樣品化學(xué)指標(biāo)、酶活性、微生物量碳、氮和微生物數(shù)量指標(biāo),并將數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,得出如下結(jié)論:土壤中全氮、堿解氮、全磷、速效磷、全鉀和速效鉀含量在玉米生育期內(nèi)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化規(guī)律性較強(qiáng)。與NPK和CK相比,長(zhǎng)期化肥和有機(jī)肥配施顯著提高了玉米生育期內(nèi)土壤中有機(jī)質(zhì)全氮、堿解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效鉀含量。銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮在玉米生育期規(guī)律性較差,但是NPK+M2處理五個(gè)時(shí)期平均銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮含量均最高,與CK和NPK處理五個(gè)時(shí)期平均值相比,增幅為16.6%和24.4%,1.42倍和1.16倍。pH在玉米生育期規(guī)律性不強(qiáng),與NPK和NPK+1.5M1處理相比,其他有機(jī)肥或秸稈配施化肥處理pH下降幅度較小。長(zhǎng)期不同定位施肥處理黑土中過氧化氫酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性在玉米生育期內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)大致相同的變化規(guī)律:苗期到拔節(jié)期上升,在拔節(jié)期出現(xiàn)峰值,隨后下降,到灌漿期酶活性最低,收獲期酶活回升。蔗糖酶活性的動(dòng)態(tài)變化與以上三種酶活略有不同:苗期到開花期升高,開花期到收獲期下降。長(zhǎng)期不同定位施肥處理黑土中微生物量碳、氮在玉米生育期內(nèi)變化規(guī)律大致相同:苗期到拔節(jié)期下降,拔節(jié)期到開花期上升并達(dá)到峰值,開花期到收獲期下降。長(zhǎng)期不同定位施肥處理黑土中微生物數(shù)量苗期到拔節(jié)期變化不明顯,開花期微生物數(shù)量急劇上升并達(dá)到峰值,開花期到灌漿期明顯下降。在玉米相同生育期內(nèi)不同施肥處理間相比,黑土中脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性和微生物量碳、氮變化規(guī)律為:NPK+1.5M1NPK+M2NPK+M1NPK+M1(R)NPK+SNPKCK。土壤中過氧化氫酶活性和微生物數(shù)量在玉米不同生育期規(guī)律性有差異。整體來說,與CK和NPK相比,長(zhǎng)期有機(jī)肥和化肥配施明顯提高土壤中過氧化氫酶活性和微生物數(shù)量。有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮和速效鉀含量與生物學(xué)指標(biāo)顯著或極顯著正相關(guān);全磷和速效磷含量與磷細(xì)菌數(shù)量不存在顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,和其他生物學(xué)指標(biāo)顯著或極顯著正相關(guān);全鉀含量和堿解氮含量與纖維素分解菌不相關(guān),與其他生物學(xué)指標(biāo)顯著或極顯著正相關(guān);硝態(tài)氮含量和脲酶、磷酸酶、過氧化氫酶、微生物量碳、氮、纖維素分解菌、硝化細(xì)菌顯著正相關(guān),和反硝化細(xì)菌極顯著正相關(guān);銨態(tài)氮和pH與所有生物學(xué)指標(biāo)不存在顯著相關(guān)性。
[Abstract]:The sustainable development of agriculture depends on the continuous utilization of soil, the continuous utilization of soil requires the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility, soil fertility including soil physical fertility, chemical fertility and biological fertility. Fertilization is one of the most important agricultural measures for soil fertility. Black soil is one of the main cultivated soil in China, mainly distributed in my country. The two provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang in the grain producing area of Northeast China account for 1/2 of the total area of cultivated land in two provinces. Although the black soil has been reclaimed late, the soil organic matter content is declining, the amount of soil organic matter is declining, the nutrient loss is large, the black soil layer is thinner, and the soil fertility is declining because of the reuse of the black soil. Therefore, this research is based on the Gongzhuling of Jilin Province under the high yield system of maize. The effect of long-term fertilization on soil chemical index and biological fertility index in the growth period of maize was studied on the basis of long-term location test base of soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency, and the correlation analysis was carried out. Soil samples were collected at five critical stages of Maize (seedling, jointing, flowering, filling and harvest), and the chemical index of soil samples was measured. Standard, enzyme activity, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and microbial quantity index, and the data were statistically analyzed to draw the following conclusions: the dynamic change regularity of total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium content in the growth period of maize was stronger. Compared with NPK and CK, long-term fertilizer and organic fertilizer improved maize raw material significantly. The content of organic matter total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil during the period of breeding. The regularity of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the growth period of maize was poor, but the average ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content of the five periods of NPK+M2 treatment were the highest, and the increase was 16.6% and 24.4%, 1.42 times and 1.16 times.PH, compared with the five periods of NPK treatment. The regularity of maize growth period was not strong. Compared with NPK and NPK+1.5M1 treatment, other organic manure or straw combined with chemical fertilizer treatment pH decreased slightly. At the present peak, the enzyme activity was the lowest at the filling stage and the enzyme activity in the harvest period increased. The dynamic changes of the activity of invertase were slightly different from those of the three kinds of enzymes: the seedling stage to the flowering stage and the flowering period to the harvest period. The period to the jointing stage decreased, the jointing period to the flowering period rose and reached the peak, and the flowering period to the harvest period decreased. The change of the number of microbes in the black soil of the long-term different positioning fertilization treatment was not obvious, the number of microbes in the flowering period rose sharply and reached the peak, and the flowering period to the filling period decreased obviously. Compared with the fertilization treatment, the urease, phosphatase, invertase activity and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen change in the black soil were: NPK+1.5M1NPK+M2NPK+M1NPK+M1 (R) NPK+SNPKCK. soil catalase activity and the number of microbes were different in different growth stages of maize. As compared with CK and NPK, the long-term organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were applied to the whole body. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium were significantly or very significantly correlated with biological indicators, and there was no significant positive correlation between total phosphorus and available phosphorus content and the number of phosphorus bacteria, and significant or extremely significant correlation with other biological indicators; total potassium content and alkali hydrolysable nitrogen content and content of nitrogen. The cellulose decomposing bacteria were not related to other biological indicators. The nitrate nitrogen content was significantly positively correlated with urease, phosphatase, catalase, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, cellulose decomposing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria, and there was no significant correlation between ammonium nitrogen and pH with all biological indexes.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S153;S154.3
本文編號(hào)：2146341
[Abstract]:The sustainable development of agriculture depends on the continuous utilization of soil, the continuous utilization of soil requires the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility, soil fertility including soil physical fertility, chemical fertility and biological fertility. Fertilization is one of the most important agricultural measures for soil fertility. Black soil is one of the main cultivated soil in China, mainly distributed in my country. The two provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang in the grain producing area of Northeast China account for 1/2 of the total area of cultivated land in two provinces. Although the black soil has been reclaimed late, the soil organic matter content is declining, the amount of soil organic matter is declining, the nutrient loss is large, the black soil layer is thinner, and the soil fertility is declining because of the reuse of the black soil. Therefore, this research is based on the Gongzhuling of Jilin Province under the high yield system of maize. The effect of long-term fertilization on soil chemical index and biological fertility index in the growth period of maize was studied on the basis of long-term location test base of soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency, and the correlation analysis was carried out. Soil samples were collected at five critical stages of Maize (seedling, jointing, flowering, filling and harvest), and the chemical index of soil samples was measured. Standard, enzyme activity, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and microbial quantity index, and the data were statistically analyzed to draw the following conclusions: the dynamic change regularity of total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium content in the growth period of maize was stronger. Compared with NPK and CK, long-term fertilizer and organic fertilizer improved maize raw material significantly. The content of organic matter total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil during the period of breeding. The regularity of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the growth period of maize was poor, but the average ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content of the five periods of NPK+M2 treatment were the highest, and the increase was 16.6% and 24.4%, 1.42 times and 1.16 times.PH, compared with the five periods of NPK treatment. The regularity of maize growth period was not strong. Compared with NPK and NPK+1.5M1 treatment, other organic manure or straw combined with chemical fertilizer treatment pH decreased slightly. At the present peak, the enzyme activity was the lowest at the filling stage and the enzyme activity in the harvest period increased. The dynamic changes of the activity of invertase were slightly different from those of the three kinds of enzymes: the seedling stage to the flowering stage and the flowering period to the harvest period. The period to the jointing stage decreased, the jointing period to the flowering period rose and reached the peak, and the flowering period to the harvest period decreased. The change of the number of microbes in the black soil of the long-term different positioning fertilization treatment was not obvious, the number of microbes in the flowering period rose sharply and reached the peak, and the flowering period to the filling period decreased obviously. Compared with the fertilization treatment, the urease, phosphatase, invertase activity and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen change in the black soil were: NPK+1.5M1NPK+M2NPK+M1NPK+M1 (R) NPK+SNPKCK. soil catalase activity and the number of microbes were different in different growth stages of maize. As compared with CK and NPK, the long-term organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were applied to the whole body. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium were significantly or very significantly correlated with biological indicators, and there was no significant positive correlation between total phosphorus and available phosphorus content and the number of phosphorus bacteria, and significant or extremely significant correlation with other biological indicators; total potassium content and alkali hydrolysable nitrogen content and content of nitrogen. The cellulose decomposing bacteria were not related to other biological indicators. The nitrate nitrogen content was significantly positively correlated with urease, phosphatase, catalase, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, cellulose decomposing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria, and there was no significant correlation between ammonium nitrogen and pH with all biological indexes.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S153;S154.3
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