本文選題：日光溫室 + 施肥狀況��； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：日光溫室具有建設(shè)成本低、保溫性能好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),,有效解決了我國(guó)北方冬季蔬菜供應(yīng)問(wèn)題,成為一些地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的主要產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。但隨著日光溫室的快速發(fā)展,盲目施肥特別是過(guò)量施肥問(wèn)題突出,由此帶來(lái)一系列土壤和環(huán)境問(wèn)題,嚴(yán)重制約日光溫室的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。諸多學(xué)者圍繞日光溫室養(yǎng)分管理進(jìn)行了研究,但已有的關(guān)于溫室土壤養(yǎng)分累積的研究多采用“空間代時(shí)間的”方法,難以準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)明隨栽培年限的增加土壤養(yǎng)分累積特性的動(dòng)態(tài)變化;關(guān)于陜西日光溫室養(yǎng)分平衡及累積的研究,多集中在關(guān)中地區(qū),對(duì)陜北地區(qū)研究較少;另外,從系統(tǒng)的角度對(duì)日光溫室對(duì)養(yǎng)分流動(dòng)途徑及特征的研究也少見(jiàn)報(bào)道。因此,本研究以陜西不同區(qū)域日光溫室為研究對(duì)象,研究了不同地區(qū)日光溫室養(yǎng)分平衡、土壤養(yǎng)分累積狀況及溫室養(yǎng)分流動(dòng)特性,得到的主要結(jié)論包括:⑴連續(xù)兩年在陜西省楊凌、安塞和靖邊3個(gè)區(qū)、縣調(diào)查日光溫室栽培系統(tǒng)施肥狀況,并測(cè)定溫室土壤養(yǎng)分,結(jié)果表明:1)陜西日光溫室養(yǎng)分投入量因地區(qū)而異,年平均氮(N)磷(P2O5)鉀(K2O)養(yǎng)分總投入量分別為1933.3、1587.2和1799.2kg/hm2,投入的養(yǎng)分以化肥為主;作物攜出量?jī)H占養(yǎng)分投入量的22%、7%和36%,造成土壤中養(yǎng)分大量盈余;2)研究區(qū)域日光溫室土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)及全氮含量整體處于中低水平;0-2 m土壤剖面累積的硝態(tài)氮有60%以上分布在60cm以下土層,說(shuō)明硝態(tài)氮淋溶問(wèn)題值得關(guān)注;3)土壤速效磷、鉀多處在高及較高水平,說(shuō)明過(guò)量施用磷鉀問(wèn)題突出;與X土及黃綿土相比,風(fēng)沙土養(yǎng)分含量相對(duì)較低。(2)連續(xù)5年對(duì)楊凌示范區(qū)設(shè)施栽培基地10余個(gè)新建日光溫室施肥狀況和土壤樣品分析,結(jié)果表明:隨溫室種植年限的增加,土壤養(yǎng)分含量逐年增加,其中以耕層土壤的增幅最為明顯,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮和速效磷、鉀年均增加量分別為3.5、0.2 g/kg和24.8、39.2、53.3mg/kg;各養(yǎng)分含量的增加趨勢(shì)為,為前2年增速較快,之后減緩;土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)種植第3年后達(dá)適宜水平,速效磷、鉀分別在種植第3年和第2年后達(dá)高水平;0-2 m土層硝態(tài)氮累積量也隨栽培年限增加而增加,其中有近2/3硝態(tài)氮累積在60cm以下土層,說(shuō)明硝態(tài)氮淋溶作用突出;隨種植年限的增加,耕層土壤pH有所降低,而土壤電導(dǎo)率顯著增加;連續(xù)種植5年期間溫室氮、磷及鉀年均盈余量高達(dá)1396、1516和1271 kg/hm2;養(yǎng)分盈余量與土壤養(yǎng)分含量間呈顯著相關(guān)性,可見(jiàn)當(dāng)?shù)厝展鉁厥疫^(guò)量施肥問(wèn)題突出,減量施肥潛力大。(3)將陜西楊凌蔬菜栽培基地的40個(gè)相對(duì)集中日光溫室作為整體研究對(duì)象,利用物質(zhì)流分析中“輸入=輸出+貯存”的物質(zhì)守恒原理,對(duì)研究周期(1年)內(nèi)日光溫室氮磷循環(huán)及平衡特征進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果表明:1)日光溫室系統(tǒng)氮、磷素輸入量為1637.5和668.3 kg/hm2,輸出量分別為830.8和103.4 kg/hm2。果實(shí)收獲是氮輸出的主要途徑,占氮輸出總量的38.5%,其次為淋溶。植株殘?bào)w是磷輸出的主要途徑,占磷輸出總量的56.2%。2)日光溫室系統(tǒng)氮、磷平衡均處于盈余狀態(tài),土壤氮、磷養(yǎng)分利用率僅分別為29.5%和14.4%,污染排放率卻高達(dá)61.5%和62.6%。3)日光溫室系統(tǒng)損失態(tài)氮磷養(yǎng)分負(fù)荷分別高達(dá)1317.8 kg/hm2和629.6 kg/hm2,使得溫室種植區(qū)域成為高污染潛勢(shì)地區(qū)。所以,在日光溫室生產(chǎn)中,應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低氮、磷肥料施用,加強(qiáng)對(duì)收獲后植株殘?bào)w的循環(huán)再利用,從而提高肥料利用率和系統(tǒng)內(nèi)養(yǎng)分循環(huán)率,減少農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染對(duì)環(huán)境的危害。
[Abstract]:The solar greenhouse has the advantages of low construction cost and good thermal insulation performance. It has effectively solved the problem of the winter vegetable supply in the north of China. It has become one of the main industries in the adjustment of the agricultural industrial structure in some areas. But with the rapid development of the solar greenhouse, the problem of blind fertilization, especially the excessive fertilizer application, brings a series of soil and environmental questions. Many scholars have studied the nutrient management of solar greenhouse, but many studies on the accumulation of soil nutrients in greenhouse use "space generation time" method, which is difficult to accurately explain the dynamic changes in the accumulation of soil nutrients with the growing period of cultivation; on the solar temperature in Shaanxi. The study of nutrient balance and accumulation in the room is mostly concentrated in Guanzhong area and less research on Northern Shaanxi. In addition, the research on the ways and characteristics of nutrient flow in solar greenhouse is rarely reported from the point of view of the system. Therefore, this study studies the nutrient balance and soil in different areas of sunlight greenhouse in different regions of Shaanxi. The main conclusions of nutrient accumulation and the characteristics of nutrient flow in greenhouse include: (1) 3 consecutive years in Yangling, Ansai and Jingbian, Shaanxi Province, 3 districts of Ansai and Jingbian to investigate the fertilization status of greenhouse cultivation system, and determine the soil nutrients in greenhouse. The results showed that 1) the nutrient input of the solar greenhouse was different from that in the region, and the annual average nitrogen (N) phosphorus (K2) potassium (K2) potassium (P2O5) potassium (K2) O) the total nutrient input was 1933.31587.2 and 1799.2kg/hm2 respectively. The nutrient input was mainly chemical fertilizer, and the crop was only 22%, 7% and 36% of the nutrient input, which resulted in a large surplus of nutrients in the soil; 2) the soil organic matter and total nitrogen content in the research area solar greenhouse were in the middle and low level, and the nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 0-2 m soil profile was 60%. The above soil layer below 60cm indicates that nitrate leaching problem is worthy of attention. 3) soil available phosphorus and potassium are high and high, indicating that the problem of excessive application of P and K is prominent. Compared with X soil and yellow sponge soil, the nutrient content of sandy soil is relatively low. (2) for 5 years, more than 10 new sunlight greenhouse were applied to the facility cultivation base in Yangling demonstration area. The analysis of fertilizer status and soil samples showed that the soil nutrient content increased year by year with increasing planting years in the greenhouse, among which the increase of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were 3.5,0.2 g/kg and 24.8,39.2,53.3mg/kg respectively, and the increase trend of each nutrient content was the growth rate of the previous 2 years. After third years, the soil organic matter reached the suitable level, the available phosphorus and potassium reached the high level after planting third and second years respectively. The accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the 0-2 m soil layer also increased with the growing period, of which nearly 2/3 nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the soil layer below 60cm, indicating that nitrate leaching was prominent; with the growing years of planting, The soil pH of the plough layer decreased and the soil conductivity increased significantly; the annual surplus of greenhouse nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was up to 13961516 and 1271 kg/hm2 during 5 years of continuous planting, and there was a significant correlation between nutrient surplus and soil nutrient content, which showed that the problem of excessive fertilization in the local solar greenhouse was prominent, and the potential for reducing fertilizer was great. (3) the vegetable in Shaanxi was the vegetable. 40 relative concentrated solar greenhouse in the cultivation base was studied as a whole. Using the conservation principle of "input = output + storage" in the analysis of material flow, the nitrogen and phosphorus cycle and balance characteristics in the solar greenhouse were analyzed in the study cycle (1 years). The results showed that 1) the nitrogen and Phosphorus Input of the solar temperature room system were 1637.5 and 668.3 kg/hm2. The output of 830.8 and 103.4 kg/hm2. was the main way of nitrogen output, which accounted for 38.5% of the total nitrogen output, followed by leaching. The plant residues were the main route of phosphorus output, which accounted for 56.2%.2 of the total phosphorus output. The nitrogen and phosphorus balance in the solar greenhouse system were all in the surplus state, and the soil nitrogen and phosphorus utilization ratio were only 29.5% and 14.4%, respectively. The emission rate is up to 61.5% and 62.6%.3) and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus load of the solar greenhouse system is up to 1317.8 kg/hm2 and 629.6 kg/hm2 respectively, which makes the greenhouse area become a high pollution potential area. Therefore, in the production of solar greenhouse, the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be properly reduced and the recycling of the residue after harvest should be strengthened. Improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and the nutrient cycling rate in the system, and reduce the harm of agricultural non-point source pollution to the environment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S158;S626.5

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 趙文艷;日光溫室栽培下石灰性土壤鎂素生物有效性降低的因素及機(jī)理[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：2058133