本文選題：橫坡壟作 + 滲流�。� 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：滲流對(duì)橫坡壟作中土壤侵蝕過程有重要的影響，揭示滲流過程以及各種因素對(duì)滲流的影響將會(huì)加深對(duì)橫坡壟作滲流侵蝕機(jī)制的了解。在橫坡壟作中滲流能夠促使細(xì)溝的產(chǎn)生，且很容易進(jìn)一步形成淺溝，從而造成大量的土壤侵蝕。增加對(duì)細(xì)溝形態(tài)特征的了解可以為阻止淺溝發(fā)展成為沖溝的研究提供研究基礎(chǔ)，幫助預(yù)測細(xì)溝侵蝕量及了解其形態(tài)發(fā)展規(guī)律。在本研究中，通過三元二次正交旋轉(zhuǎn)組合設(shè)計(jì)安排了23個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)處理，以調(diào)查滲流的過程特征以及壟向坡度、坡向坡度以及壟高對(duì)滲流的影響。同時(shí)研究了橫坡壟作滲流侵蝕下的細(xì)溝形態(tài)特征。 滲流過程曲線可分為兩種類型：（I）大部分實(shí)驗(yàn)呈“S”型，（II）8號(hào)實(shí)驗(yàn)呈現(xiàn)出穩(wěn)定增長的趨勢。這兩種過程曲線都可以用指數(shù)模型很好的擬合，且決定系數(shù)都在0.995以上。其物理意義與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果具有一致性。最大滲流增長率可以在14min以內(nèi)達(dá)到，而滲流基本在106min內(nèi)才可以達(dá)到穩(wěn)定。用三元二次回歸方程對(duì)總滲流量以及預(yù)測的穩(wěn)定滲流量進(jìn)行建模，R2分別為0.66和0.68，模型顯著。對(duì)于兩個(gè)模型，只有壟高以及壟向坡度的二次項(xiàng)有顯著影響（p 0.05），坡向坡度及其相關(guān)項(xiàng)沒有顯著影響。壟向坡度的單因子影響成一個(gè)凹曲線，而壟高則對(duì)滲流的單因子影響為正影響并接近線性。 在橫坡壟作細(xì)溝形態(tài)特征，細(xì)溝沉積特征及其影響因素研究中，，將最大溝寬作為因變量，最大溝深作為自變量，一個(gè)線性方程被建立且R2=0.69。最大溝寬與溝深間存在明顯的線性關(guān)系。把最大溝深納入細(xì)溝體積預(yù)測模型，該預(yù)測模型為一個(gè)復(fù)合的冪函數(shù)，能夠顯著的提高預(yù)測精度R2從0.67提高到到0.94。通過實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)壟高的增加不只能夠促進(jìn)滲流的產(chǎn)生，并且能夠擴(kuò)展細(xì)溝的最大溝寬與溝深。滲流對(duì)最大溝寬以及總侵蝕量有雙向影響，并且在它們兩者的值分別達(dá)到17cm和4kg的時(shí)候滲流有明顯的促進(jìn)作用，低于此值時(shí)為負(fù)影響，而對(duì)于最大溝深滲流只表現(xiàn)出單一的正影響。根據(jù)沉積的位置，細(xì)溝沉積可以劃分為三種類型：（I）為無沉積；（II）只在壟面上有沉積；（III）壟溝、壟面都有沉積。滲流對(duì)壟面沉積量有明顯影響，壟向坡度的增加縮短細(xì)溝壟面沉積的距離，而壟溝沉積與壟面沉積有明顯相關(guān)性。
[Abstract]:Seepage plays an important role in the soil erosion process in cross slope ridge cropping. Revealing the seepage process and the influence of various factors on seepage will deepen the understanding of seepage erosion mechanism of cross slope ridge. Percolation in cross slope ridge can promote the formation of rill, and it is easy to form shallow gully, resulting in a large amount of soil erosion. Increasing the understanding of the morphological characteristics of the gully can provide a research basis for the study of preventing the shallow ditch from developing into a gully, and help to predict the erosion amount of the rill and to understand the regularity of its morphological development. In this study, 23 experiments were carried out through a ternary quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design to investigate the characteristics of seepage process and the effects of ridge slope, slope direction and ridge height on seepage flow. At the same time, the morphological characteristics of the rill under percolation erosion were studied. The seepage process curve can be divided into two types: I) most of the experiments show a "S" type of "S" type and the experimental results show a steady growth trend. Both process curves can be fitted well by exponential model, and the determining coefficients are above 0.995. The physical meaning is consistent with the experimental results. The maximum seepage growth rate can be achieved within 14min, while the seepage rate can reach stability in 106min. The model R2 of the total seepage flow and the predicted steady seepage flow is 0.66 and 0.68, respectively, using the ternary quadratic regression equation. The model is significant. For the two models, only the ridge height and the quadratic term of the ridge slope had significant effects on the slope, but the slope and its related items had no significant effect. The single factor effect of ridge slope is a concave curve, while ridge height has a positive effect on seepage flow and is close to linearity. In the study of the characteristics of rill shape, deposition and its influencing factors, the maximum furrow width was regarded as dependent variable, the maximum furrow depth as independent variable, and a linear equation was established and R _ 2 ~ (2 +) _ (0.69) was established. There is an obvious linear relationship between the maximum furrow width and the furrow depth. The maximum furrow depth was incorporated into the rill volume prediction model. The prediction model was a compound power function, which could significantly improve the prediction precision R2 from 0.67 to 0.94. It is found that the increase of ridge height can not only promote the formation of percolation, but also extend the maximum furrow width and furrow depth. Seepage has a bidirectional effect on the maximum channel width and total erosion amount, and has a significant promoting effect when their values reach 17cm and 4kg, but negative effects when they are lower than this value. However, there is only a single positive effect on the maximum trench depth seepage. According to the location of the deposition, the rill deposition can be divided into three types: I) or no sediment (II) only on the ridge surface, the ridge and the ridge are all deposited. Percolation has a significant effect on the deposition amount of ridges, and the increase of ridge gradient shortens the distance between ridge deposition and ridge deposition, while the ridge deposition has obvious correlation with ridge deposition.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S157

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