本文選題：土壤線蟲 + 施肥　； 參考：《河南大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著我國人口不斷的增加和人們對糧食的需求越來越大,提高土壤肥力和防治農田雜草是增加農作物產量至關重要途徑。磷肥是農作物生長的必要元素之一,近年來農田磷肥施用量迅速增加。因此,施磷肥和除草引起的植物多樣性下降對土壤健康的影響,成為生態(tài)學研究的重要課題。土壤線蟲作為土壤中數(shù)量和物種多樣性最多的無脊椎動物之一,是土壤生物群落重要組成部分,而且線蟲動物區(qū)系能夠對生物進程提供獨特的評價。因此,線蟲被認為是鑒定土壤質量的指示生物。本研究采用盆栽模擬實驗,設施肥和非農植物多樣性雙因素處理。磷肥作為第一個因子,分為不施磷肥(P-)和添加磷肥(P+),每個施肥處理設36個重復;非農植物多樣性作為第二個因子,處理分為4個部分,包括無非農植物(NW),1種非農植物(OW),2種非農植物(TW)和4種非農植物(FW)共4個處理。于冬小麥孕穗期取樣,土壤線蟲采用貝爾曼濕漏斗法提取,鑒定到屬。基于土壤線蟲的多度、豐度、營養(yǎng)類群、功能團指數(shù)、生態(tài)指數(shù)以及線蟲動物區(qū)系分析數(shù)據(jù),用來評估磷添加和非農植物多樣性對冬小麥孕穗期土壤線蟲群落構成的影響及作用機制,闡明磷添加和非農植物多樣性下土壤線蟲群落結構的趨勢變化。得出以下主要結果:1、群落構成:冬小麥孕穗期,共分離鑒定28592頭線蟲,2個綱,7個目,16個科,30個屬,其中食細菌線蟲13417頭、11個屬,食真菌線蟲1680頭、2個屬,植食性線蟲11128頭、10個屬,雜捕性線蟲2364頭、7個屬,優(yōu)勢類群為小桿屬(18%)、短體屬(17%)和矮化屬(10%)。磷添加和非農植物多樣性處理中,P+多度值大于P-,在P+種植TW非農植物和P-種植NW非農植物時線蟲多度值最高。P添加土壤線蟲總多度(F=12.513,P=0.001)顯著增加,總豐度(F=14.837,P=0.000)顯著增加,P+對比P-處理中,多度增幅為0.574;豐度增加值為2.167;非農植物多樣性土壤線蟲總多度(F=0.273,P=0.845)和總豐度(F=2.346,P=0.081)均沒有出現(xiàn)顯著性。P添加和非農植物多樣性交互土壤線蟲總多度(F=0.210,P=0.889)和總豐度(F=1.325,P=0.274)均沒表現(xiàn)出顯著性。2、生態(tài)參數(shù):P+的處理中,線蟲生態(tài)指數(shù)雜比植、香農多樣性指數(shù)、均勻度指數(shù)、豐富度指數(shù)、自由生活線蟲成熟度指數(shù)的值均隨非農植物多樣性的增加而增高,且種植NW和FW非農植物時,香農多樣性指數(shù)、均勻度指數(shù)出現(xiàn)顯著性差異。P-處理中,線蟲生態(tài)指數(shù)雜比植、香農多樣性指數(shù)、豐富度指數(shù)、自由生活線蟲成熟度指數(shù),相對于其它3種非農植物多樣性的處理中,種植TW非農植物的值最高,且豐富度指數(shù)出現(xiàn)了顯著性差異。雙因素方差分析表明,線蟲總數(shù)和營養(yǎng)類群中食細菌線蟲多度、植食性線蟲多度以及功能團指數(shù)中Ba1、Fu2、Pp5、OP5在施肥處理作用中均有顯著性,但P+和非農植物多樣性交互方差分析中均沒有出現(xiàn)顯著性。線蟲區(qū)系分析結果表明,P+處理和非農植物多樣性交互下富集指數(shù)和結構指數(shù)均在50-100之間變化,位于B象限,表明該土壤中所含養(yǎng)分量較高,并且受到外界干擾程度較小,表明食物網處于穩(wěn)定成熟階段。3、土壤理化性質與土壤線蟲相關、回歸分析結果顯示:土壤有機碳與線蟲總數(shù)(R2=0.293,P0.001)、食細菌線蟲多度(R2=0.259,P0.001)、植食性線蟲多度(R2=0.272,P0.001)、植食性功能團cp=5的值(R2=0.259,P0.001)、富集指數(shù)(R2=0.134,P0.001)均顯著正相關;但與自由生活線蟲成熟度指數(shù)(R2=0.159,P0.001)、通道指數(shù)(R2=0.130,P0.001)呈顯著負相關。速效磷與線蟲總數(shù)(R2=0.180,P0.001)、食細菌線蟲多度(R2=0.222,P0.001)、植食性線蟲多度(R2=0.148,P0.001)、富集指數(shù)(R2=0.151,P0.001)均呈顯著正相關;與總線蟲豐度(R2=0.122,P0.05)、自由生活線蟲成熟度指數(shù)(R2=0.152,P0.001)、結構指數(shù)(R2=0.122,P0.05)、通道指數(shù)(R2=0.155,P0.001)呈顯著負相關。銨態(tài)氮與結構指數(shù)(R2=0.087,P0.05)、通道指數(shù)(R2=0.130,P0.05)呈顯著正相關;但與線蟲總數(shù)(R2=0.145,P0.05)、食細菌線蟲多度(R2=0.167,P0.001)、植食性線蟲多度(R2=0.125,P0.05)、總線蟲豐度(R2=0.160,P0.001)、均勻度指數(shù)(R2=0.041,P0.05)、富集指數(shù)(R2=0.153,P0.001)均顯著負相關。綜上所述,施磷肥能增加土壤養(yǎng)分和土壤線蟲多度,改變土壤線蟲對有機質分解途徑,減少稀有種類。通過增加非農植物多樣性能夠減緩施肥對土壤線蟲群落的負面效應,提高了食物網的復雜程度。實驗結果能夠為農田施肥和除草措施制定、農田生物多樣性保護和農田土壤健康發(fā)展提理論基礎。
[Abstract]:With the increasing population of our country and the increasing demand for grain, improving soil fertility and controlling weeds is an important way to increase crop yield. Phosphate fertilizer is one of the essential elements of crop growth. In recent years, the amount of phosphate fertilizer applied in farmland has increased rapidly. Therefore, the plant diversity caused by phosphate fertilizer and weed removal has decreased. Soil nematode, one of the most important species of invertebrates in soil and species diversity, is an important part of the soil community, and the nematode fauna can provide a unique assessment of biological processes. Indicator organisms. This study uses a potted plant simulation experiment, a dual factor treatment of plant fertilizer and non-agricultural plant diversity. As the first factor, phosphate fertilizer is divided into no phosphate fertilizer (P-) and phosphate fertilizer (P+), each fertilization treatment is set up 36 repetitions; non agricultural plant diversity is divided into 4 parts, including no non - non - non - agricultural plant (NW), and 1 kinds of non - agricultural plants. 2 nonagricultural plants (OW), 2 nonagricultural plants (TW) and 4 non-agricultural plants (FW) were treated. The soil nematode was extracted by Behrman wet leakage method and identified in the booting stage of winter wheat. The influence and mechanism of agro plant diversity on the composition of soil nematode community at the booting stage of winter wheat, and clarified the trend of soil nematode community structure under the addition of phosphorus and non agro plant diversity. The following main results were as follows: 1, the community composition: 28592 nematodes, 2 classes, 7 orders, 16 families and 30 genera were isolated and identified in the booting stage of winter wheat. 13417 heads, 11 genera, 1680 heads and 2 genera of nematode, 11128, 10, 2364, 7 genus of phytophagous nematodes, the dominant group of 7 genera, the dominant group of small genus (18%), the short body (17%) and the dwarf (10%). The P+ value is greater than the P-, and the TW non-agricultural plants and the P- plant NW non-agricultural plants in P+. The highest.P added to the nematode abundance (F=12.513, P=0.001) increased significantly, and the total abundance (F=14.837, P=0.000) increased significantly. In the P+ contrast P- treatment, the increase was 0.574 and the abundance was 2.167; the total abundance (F=0.273, P=0.845) and the total abundance (F=2.346, P=0.081) of the non-agricultural diversity soil nematodes were not present. The total abundance (F=0.210, P=0.889) and total abundance (F=1.325, P=0.274) of the significant.P addition and non agricultural intercourse nematode diversity (F=1.325, P=0.274) did not show significant.2. The ecological parameters: the ecological index heterozygosity of the nematode, the Shannon diversity index, the evenness index, the richness index, and the value of the maturity index of free living nematode all follow the non The increase of agricultural plant diversity increased, and when NW and FW non-agricultural plants were planted, the Shannon diversity index and the evenness index showed significant difference in.P- treatment, the nematode ecological index heterozygosity, the Shannon diversity index, the richness index, the free living nematode maturity index, compared with the other 3 non-agricultural plant diversity. The value of TW non-agricultural plants was the highest and the richness index showed significant differences. Two factor variance analysis showed that the number of nematodes, the abundance of nematode eating nematodes, the abundance of herbivorous nematodes, and the Ba1, Fu2, Pp5, and OP5 in the functional group index were significant in the fertilization treatment, but the diversity intercourse variance analysis between P+ and non-agricultural plants was analyzed. The results showed that the mutual enrichment index and structure index of P+ treatment and non agricultural intercourse varied between 50-100 and B quadrants, indicating that the nutrient components in the soil were higher and were less disturbed by the outside world, indicating that the food network was in a stable and mature stage of.3 and soil physicochemical. The properties of soil nematode were related to soil nematode. The results of regression analysis showed that soil organic carbon and total R2=0.293 (P0.001), R2=0.259 (P0.001), R2=0.272, P0.001, R2=0.259, P0.001 (R2=0.134, P0.001) were both significant positive correlation, but with free living nematodes, but with free living nematodes. The R2=0.159 (P0.001) and the R2=0.130 (P0.001) showed significant negative correlation. The available phosphorus and the total number of nematodes (R2=0.180, P0.001), the abundance of the nematode eating nematode (R2=0.222, P0.001), the abundance of herbivorous nematodes (R2=0.148, P0.001), and the enrichment index (R2=0.151, P0.001) were all significant positive correlation. The nematode maturity index (R2=0.152, P0.001), structure index (R2=0.122, P0.05), channel index (R2=0.155, P0.001) showed significant negative correlation. The ammonium nitrogen and structural index (R2=0.087, P0.05), channel index (R2=0.130, P0.05) showed significant positive correlation, but with the total number of nematodes (R2=0.145, P0.05), bacterial nematode abundance, and phytophagous nematode abundance. (R2=0.125, P0.05), R2=0.160 (P0.001), evenness index (R2=0.041, P0.05), enrichment index (R2=0.153, P0.001) are all significantly negative correlation. In summary, phosphate fertilizer can increase soil nutrients and soil nematode abundance, change soil nematode to the organic decomposition pathway, reduce rare species. By increasing non-agricultural diversity can be reduced. The negative effects of slow fertilization on soil nematode community increased the complexity of the food network. The experimental results could provide a theoretical basis for farmland fertilization and weed control measures, the conservation of farmland biodiversity and the healthy development of farmland soil.

【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S154.386

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