本文選題：三峽庫(kù)區(qū) + 降雨侵蝕力　； 參考：《重慶大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：磷是造成水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的主要原因,隨著降雨引起的土壤侵蝕而產(chǎn)生的吸附態(tài)磷污染是磷污染的主要形式。三峽庫(kù)區(qū)地處長(zhǎng)江流域,人口密集,由于降雨豐沛且集中,暴雨較多,以及特殊的地形、土壤特性和不合理的耕作方式,使其產(chǎn)生大量的土壤流失,導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的吸附態(tài)磷污染。因此,開展對(duì)庫(kù)區(qū)非點(diǎn)源污染時(shí)空分布特性的研究具有重要的理論和實(shí)際意義。鑒于三峽庫(kù)區(qū)吸附態(tài)磷污染負(fù)荷的季節(jié)性空間分布鮮有報(bào)道,本研究構(gòu)建了吸附態(tài)磷污染負(fù)荷的空間分布模型,并應(yīng)用所構(gòu)建的模型對(duì)三峽庫(kù)區(qū)季節(jié)性吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷的空間分進(jìn)行了模擬。主要的研究成果為:①吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷空間分布模型的構(gòu)建綜合考慮地形特征和植被覆蓋對(duì)被侵蝕土壤遷移的影響,引入時(shí)空分布的地形指數(shù)因子和植被覆蓋管理因子,提出具有空間分布特性的入河系數(shù)的計(jì)算方法。將改進(jìn)的土壤流失方程作為土壤侵蝕量的計(jì)算方程,結(jié)合所提出的入河系數(shù)并考慮磷在土壤中的富集,構(gòu)建吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷的空間分布模型。以三峽庫(kù)區(qū)作為案例,對(duì)該區(qū)域2000~2010年的吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷的空間分布進(jìn)行了模擬,并以庫(kù)區(qū)內(nèi)小江流域和大寧河流域的實(shí)測(cè)值進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,其模擬值與實(shí)測(cè)值吻合較好,表明所構(gòu)建的模型以及所提出的入河系數(shù)的計(jì)算方法可行。②庫(kù)區(qū)季節(jié)性降雨侵蝕力的空間分布特性研究基于日降雨量模型,利用三峽庫(kù)區(qū)內(nèi)部及其周邊23個(gè)基準(zhǔn)氣象站點(diǎn)的日降雨資料,對(duì)2000~2010年三峽庫(kù)區(qū)的降雨侵蝕力進(jìn)行模擬計(jì)算,得到三峽庫(kù)區(qū)季節(jié)性降雨侵蝕力的空間分布和年均降雨侵蝕力的空間分布。庫(kù)區(qū)降雨侵蝕力年際差異非常顯著,降雨侵蝕力的最大值出現(xiàn)在2007年,達(dá)到9482 MJmm/(hm2h),2001的降雨侵蝕力值最小,僅有6133MJmm/(hm2h);一年中降雨量和降雨侵蝕力的年內(nèi)變化非常明顯且變化趨勢(shì)一致,7月份達(dá)到最大值,降雨侵蝕力為1700MJmm/(hm2h),1月份最小,為64 MJmm/(hm2h);降雨侵蝕主要發(fā)生在夏季,夏季較大的區(qū)域主要分布在開縣、夷陵區(qū)和北碚等區(qū)域;冬季最小,冬季較大的區(qū)域主要分布在開縣附近。③庫(kù)區(qū)季節(jié)性吸附態(tài)磷污染負(fù)荷的空間分布模擬運(yùn)用所構(gòu)建的吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷空間分布模型,模擬計(jì)算得到三峽庫(kù)區(qū)季節(jié)性吸附態(tài)磷污染負(fù)荷的空間分布和年均吸附態(tài)磷污染負(fù)荷的空間分布。吸附態(tài)磷污染負(fù)荷在時(shí)間和空間上的分布結(jié)構(gòu)極不平衡,夏季的吸附態(tài)磷污染負(fù)荷最嚴(yán)重,整個(gè)庫(kù)區(qū)在夏季產(chǎn)生的吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷總量為4.7×103t,占到全年吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷總量的50%;冬季最輕,庫(kù)區(qū)在冬季產(chǎn)生的吸附態(tài)總磷負(fù)荷達(dá)到0.2×103 t,只占到全年吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷總量的2.1%;整個(gè)庫(kù)區(qū)的年均吸附態(tài)總磷負(fù)荷為9.4×103 t。年均吸附態(tài)磷污染負(fù)荷從整體上來說,最嚴(yán)重的區(qū)域分布在秭歸西北部、奉節(jié)、云陽(yáng)、開縣以及武隆地區(qū),而在最東部夷陵地區(qū)和最西部江津等地區(qū)吸附態(tài)磷污染負(fù)荷較輕。④不同管理措施下吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷空間分布預(yù)測(cè)運(yùn)用所構(gòu)建的模型,分別對(duì)三峽庫(kù)區(qū)內(nèi)不同管理措施下的土壤侵蝕和吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。本研究所采取的管理措施為:(1)減少30%的施肥量;(2)把坡度大于25°的耕地退耕還草;(3)把坡度大于25°的耕地退耕還林。通過預(yù)測(cè)得知,退耕還林對(duì)土壤侵蝕和吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷的消減量比退耕還草對(duì)二者的消減量要大。退耕還林對(duì)土壤侵蝕和吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷的消減率的分別為33.39%和24.17%,退耕還草對(duì)二者的消減率分別為20.17%和12.38%,減少30%的施肥量對(duì)吸附態(tài)磷負(fù)荷總量的消減率為17.1%。
[Abstract]:Phosphorus is the main cause of eutrophication. The phosphorus pollution caused by soil erosion caused by rainfall is the main form of phosphorus pollution. The Three Gorges Reservoir area is located in the Yangtze River Basin and is densely populated. Because of the heavy rainfall and concentration, heavy rain, and special terrain, soil characteristics and unreasonable farming methods, make it produce large scale. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of non point source pollution in the reservoir area. In view of the seasonal spatial distribution of the phosphorus pollution load in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the spatial distribution model of the adsorbed phosphorus pollution load is constructed. The spatial distribution of seasonal adsorption phosphorus load in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is simulated with the model constructed. The main research results are as follows: (1) the construction of the spatial distribution model of adsorbed phosphorus load considers the effects of topographic features and vegetation cover on the migration of the eroded soil, and introduces the spatial and temporal distribution of topographic index and vegetation coverage. A calculation method of the river entry coefficient with spatial distribution characteristics is proposed. The improved soil loss equation is used as the calculation equation of soil erosion amount. The spatial distribution model of the adsorbed phosphorus load is constructed by combining the proposed River entry coefficient and the accumulation of phosphorus in the soil. The Three Gorges Reservoir area is used as a case for the 2000~201 area. The spatial distribution of the adsorbed phosphorus load in 0 years is simulated and verified by the measured values of the Xiaojiang River Basin and the great Ninghe basin in the reservoir area. The simulated values are in good agreement with the measured values. The results show that the proposed model and the proposed method of calculating the river entry coefficient are feasible. Based on the daily rainfall model of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the rainfall erosivity of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in 2000~2010 is simulated by the daily rainfall data of 23 datum meteorological stations in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The spatial distribution of seasonal rainfall erosivity and the spatial distribution of annual rainfall erosivity in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area are obtained. The interannual difference of Rainfall Erosivity in the reservoir area is obtained. The maximum rainfall erosivity occurred in 2007, reaching 9482 MJ? Mm/ (hm2? H), and 2001 of the rainfall erosivity minimum, only 6133MJ? Mm/ (hm2? H); the annual changes in rainfall and rainfall erosivity in a year were very obvious and consistent, and reached the maximum in July, and the rainfall erosivity was 1700MJ? Mm/ (hm2 h), and the smallest in January, for January. 64 MJ? Mm/ (hm2? H); rainfall erosion mainly occurs in summer, the larger regions in summer are mainly distributed in Kaixian, Yiling and Beibei regions; winter is the smallest, and the larger regions in winter are mainly distributed near Kaixian. The spatial distribution of seasonal adsorptive phosphorus pollution load in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and the spatial distribution of annual average adsorption phosphorus pollution load in the Three Gorges Reservoir area are calculated. The distribution structure of the adsorbed phosphorus pollution load in time and space is extremely unbalanced, the adsorption phosphorus pollution load is the most serious in summer, and the total adsorption phosphorus load in the whole reservoir area in summer is total. The amount is 4.7 x 103t, accounting for 50% of the total phosphorus load in the whole year, the lightest in winter, the total phosphorus load of the reservoir area in winter is 0.2 * 103 T, accounting for only 2.1% of the total phosphorus load in the whole year, and the annual average adsorptive total phosphorus load of the whole reservoir area is 9.4 * 103 T. per year. The region is distributed in the northwest of Zigui, Fengjie, Yunyang, Kaixian and Wulong, while the phosphorus pollution load in the most eastern Yiling area and the most western region of Jiangjin is lighter. The management measures of corrosion and adsorbed phosphorus were predicted. The management measures adopted in this study were as follows: (1) reducing the amount of fertilizer by 30%; (2) returning farmland to cultivated land with gradient over 25 degrees; (3) reforestation of cultivated land with slope greater than 25 degrees. Through prediction, the reduction of soil erosion and adsorbed phosphorus load by returning farmland to forest was less than the reduction of two of cultivated land to two. The reduction rate of soil erosion and adsorption state phosphorus load of returning farmland to forest was 33.39% and 24.17% respectively, and the reduction rate of returning cultivated land to two were 20.17% and 12.38% respectively. The reduction rate of 30% fertilizer amount to the total load of adsorbed phosphorus was 17.1%..

【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S157

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