本文選題：豆科　切入點(diǎn)：間作　出處：《上海大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在我國(guó)人口數(shù)量的巨大壓力下,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中為了追求更高的糧食產(chǎn)量而日益投入更多的化肥和農(nóng)藥,這對(duì)土壤環(huán)境、水環(huán)境和大氣環(huán)境都產(chǎn)生了一定的污染。為了減少農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中化肥和農(nóng)藥的使用,本文在上海市青浦區(qū)郊區(qū)選擇典型蔬菜生產(chǎn)基地,采用豆科作物間作、豆科作物覆蓋、豆科綠肥三種方式,探討在有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)前提下探索應(yīng)用豆科作物降低常見果蔬生產(chǎn)投入并提高果蔬產(chǎn)量的相對(duì)優(yōu)良模式。為豆科作物在有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展上的進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用提供理論基礎(chǔ),為減少化肥和農(nóng)藥污染、開拓環(huán)境友好型農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供理論依據(jù)。通過番茄豆科間作、青椒/茄子豆科間作及覆蓋、冬季小青菜豆科綠肥間作四個(gè)試驗(yàn)的試驗(yàn)與分析,獲得如下主要結(jié)果:(1)番茄與豆科間作,番茄株高顯著增加。番茄與架豆間作使番茄增產(chǎn)15.7%。架豆間作使土壤全氮、堿解氮、有效磷和速效鉀分別增加16.9%、14.0%、26.6%和23.4%;地豆間作也有顯著增肥效應(yīng)。架豆或地豆間作還可顯著提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性。其中架豆間作使脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性分別提高64.6%、26.8%和25.5%。相比之下,番茄非豆科作物間作,對(duì)土壤增氮、增磷效應(yīng)不明顯,反而使番茄減產(chǎn)。(2)與對(duì)照(單作)相比,青椒與地豆、毛豆間作,分別使青椒果實(shí)的直徑增大了37.8%和32.4%,使單個(gè)青椒重量增加36.5%和30.8%。毛豆間作使青椒增產(chǎn)19.6%。青椒與地豆、毛豆間作,分別使堿解氮含量增加了28.4%和20.3%,使有效磷的含量分別增加了24.6%和20.0%。草頭覆蓋使堿解氮含量增加了35.9%,使有效磷的含量分別增加了14.2%,使速效鉀含量增加44.1%。在青椒成熟中期,青椒與地豆、毛豆間作分別使脲酶活性提高加了29.3%和30.9%,蔗糖酶活性提高了39.4%和28.6%,磷酸酶活性提高34.7%和43.5%。草頭覆蓋使蔗糖酶活性提高了38.8%,磷酸酶活性提高了21.7%。在青椒成熟后期,地豆、毛豆間作分別使脲酶活性提高了24.5%和21.1%,使磷酸酶活性提高了25.0%和28.1%。(3)茄子與地豆、毛豆間作,分別使單株茄子結(jié)果數(shù)增加了30%和20%,地豆間作使茄果直徑增大了17.8%,地豆、毛豆間作分別使茄子產(chǎn)量增加了21.1%和18.2%,茄子可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量增加了24.3%和18.7%,茄子可溶性總糖含量增加了66.2%和35.2%。茄子與地豆間作使茄子土壤脲酶活性提高了27.9%,蔗糖酶活性提高了30.9%,磷酸酶的活性提高了13.1%。草頭覆蓋使蔗糖酶活性提高了36.5%,但是沒有增產(chǎn)效應(yīng),對(duì)茄子品質(zhì)也沒有顯著影響。(4)小青菜單作的株高顯著高于間作的小青菜株高,小青菜與紫云英間作,使小青菜總產(chǎn)量比對(duì)照(單作)增產(chǎn)28.4%,使小青菜的可溶性蛋白質(zhì)和可溶性總糖含量分別增加了33.6%和73.6%;小青菜與箭舌豌豆間作,使小青菜的可溶性總糖含量增加了62.5%。間作對(duì)小青菜有機(jī)酸和葉綠素含量無顯著影響。小青菜與箭舌豌豆、紫云英間作,均可以顯著提高小青菜土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶的活性。小青菜的整個(gè)成熟期,間作的脲酶、蔗糖酶活性始終高于單作;磷酸酶的活性在小青菜成熟的中后期得到顯著提高;過氧化氫酶的活性沒有受到豆科綠肥間作的影響。通過對(duì)冬季小青菜豆科綠肥間作的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析,認(rèn)為小青菜與紫云英間作可獲得最高的凈收入1282元,可見在有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)條件下種植冬季小青菜,考慮選擇紫云英或箭舌豌豆作為間作綠肥,可達(dá)到增產(chǎn)增收的目的。(5)以上四個(gè)試驗(yàn)均顯示:土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性與土壤有效態(tài)氮、磷、鉀的含量呈顯著或極顯著的相關(guān)性。(6)豆科間作在上海郊區(qū)可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展中具有重要作用和意義。
[Abstract]:In the great pressure of population, grain yield in agricultural production in order to pursue higher and more more chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the soil environment, water environment and atmospheric environment have certain pollution. In order to reduce the chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural production use, the paper selects the typical vegetable production base in the Shanghai City suburb of Qingpu District, the legume crop intercropping legume crop cover, legumes in three ways, on the premise of organic agriculture to explore the application of leguminous crops to reduce common fruits and vegetables production input and improve the relative good mode of production of fruits and vegetables. To provide a theoretical basis for the further application of leguminous plants in the development of organic agriculture, to reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide pollution, development of environment-friendly agriculture to provide a theoretical basis. The tomato / eggplant peppers legume intercropping, intercropping and winter legume cover, small green bean Test and analysis of four trials as a green manure, the main results are as follows: (1) tomato and bean intercropping, the plant height increased significantly. Tomato and bean intercropping make tomato yield 15.7%. bean intercropping soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were increased by 16.9%, 14%, 26.6% and 23.4%; also has a significant effect to the beans. Some bean or Pea Intercropping can significantly improve soil urease, invertase and phosphatase activity. The bean intercropping urease, invertase and phosphatase activity were increased by 64.6%, compared to 26.8% and 25.5%., tomato non legume crop intercropping increased the nitrogen of soil, increasing phosphorus effect is not obvious, but the tomato production. (2) compared with the control (monoculture), green pepper and potato, soybean intercropping, respectively the pepper fruit diameter increased by 37.8% and 32.4%, which increased the weight of 36.5% 30.8%. and a single green soybean intercropping to pepper yield by 1 9.6%. green pepper and soybean, soybean intercropping, respectively. Nitrogen content increased by 28.4% and 20.3%, the content of effective phosphorus were increased by 24.6% and 20.0%. grass coverage increased by 35.9% the alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, the effective phosphorus content were increased by 14.2%, the content of available potassium increased 44.1%. in green pepper in medium maturity with green pepper, bean, soybean intercropping urease activity increased respectively with 29.3% and 30.9%, invertase activity increased by 39.4% and 28.6%, phosphatase activity increased 34.7% and 43.5%. grass covered so invertase activity increased 38.8%, phosphatase activity increased 21.7%. in Pepper late mature beans, soybean intercropping urease respectively. The activity increased by 24.5% and 21.1%, the phosphatase activity increased by 25% and 28.1%. (3) and eggplant bean, soybean intercropping, respectively. The results of individual eggplant number was increased by 30% and 20%, to make soybean intercropping fruit diameter increased 17.8%, beans, Soybean intercropping respectively the eggplant yield increased by 21.1% and 18.2%, the soluble protein content of eggplant increased by 24.3% and 18.7%, total soluble sugar content of eggplant increased by 66.2% and 35.2%. and eggplant intercropping soil urease activity of eggplant increased 27.9%, invertase activity increased 30.9%, phosphatase activity increased 13.1%. grass mulching. Invertase activity increased by 36.5%, but had no effect on yield had no significant effect on Eggplant quality. (4) cabbage plant height was significantly higher than that of monoculture intercropping cabbage plant height, small vegetables and milk vetch intercropping, the total yield of greengrocery than control (monoculture) increased by 28.4%, the total soluble sugar content protein and soluble greengrocery were increased by 33.6% and 73.6%; small vegetables and vetch intercropping, the soluble sugar content of cabbage increased 62.5%. intercropping organic acid and chlorophyll content of Brassica chinensis No significant effect. Small vegetables with vetch, Chinese milk vetch intercropping could significantly improve greengrocery soil urease, invertase and phosphatase activity. The small vegetables throughout the ripening period of intercropping, urease, invertase activity was always higher than that of monoculture; phosphatase activity has been significantly improved in the late ripe green cabbage; catalase activity was not affected by intercropping legumes. The winter cabbage legume intercropping economic benefit analysis, that small vegetables and milk vetch intercropping can obtain the highest net income 1282 yuan, grow vegetables in the winter visible small organic farming conditions, choose Chinese milk vetch or vetch as intercropping green manure can increase the yield and income. (5) the four experiments showed that soil urease, invertase, phosphatase activity and soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, were significantly related to the potassium content (6) the intercropping of leguminous families has an important role and significance in the sustainable agricultural development in the suburb of Shanghai.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S344;S158

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