本文選題：暴雨徑流　切入點(diǎn)：太陽黑子　出處：《中國科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國科學(xué)院教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：坡面暴雨徑流特性、侵蝕機(jī)理及其降雨徑流水動(dòng)力學(xué)特性是坡面水力侵蝕動(dòng)力學(xué)研究的重要內(nèi)容。本研究基于黃土高原延安地區(qū)2013年出現(xiàn)的百年一遇大暴雨,對(duì)其暴雨特性、梯田侵蝕災(zāi)害及發(fā)生原因等進(jìn)行了研究,為了進(jìn)一步從本質(zhì)上探明該類暴雨條件下坡面徑流的水動(dòng)力學(xué)特性,在黃土高原小流域水力侵蝕調(diào)控實(shí)體模擬試驗(yàn)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,針對(duì)坡面流水深小、水力學(xué)參數(shù)量測困難等問題,對(duì)黃土高原坡面暴雨徑流非常規(guī)比尺進(jìn)行了初步研究及驗(yàn)證,該方法可為坡面流水動(dòng)力學(xué)特性的研究提供一種新的途徑。取得的主要成果如下:1.分析了黃土高原地區(qū)暴雨特性、侵蝕災(zāi)害及發(fā)生原因,結(jié)果表明:延安地區(qū)2013年降雨總量達(dá)959 mm,其中最大月7月降雨量為568 mm,達(dá)到萬年一遇標(biāo)準(zhǔn);延安地區(qū)2013年極端侵蝕性降雨和暴雨發(fā)生次數(shù)多,總量大;延安地區(qū)2013年極端降雨條件下連片梯田侵蝕劇烈,侵蝕模數(shù)和相對(duì)高差與匯水面積之間存在顯著冪函數(shù)關(guān)系,梯田中下部侵蝕嚴(yán)重;延安地區(qū)最大降雨量主要發(fā)生在太陽黑子相對(duì)數(shù)峰值及其附近2年,太陽黑子相對(duì)數(shù)和極端降雨之間關(guān)系密切;延安地區(qū)最大降雨量主要發(fā)生在厄爾尼諾次年,而厄爾尼諾當(dāng)年主要為干旱年,當(dāng)南方濤動(dòng)指數(shù)為負(fù)值時(shí),降雨量總體上呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)下降的趨勢。2.采用相似論和水力學(xué)的基本原理,在前人研究基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充完善得到適用于黃土高原的坡面暴雨徑流非常規(guī)模型基本比尺關(guān)系式包括幾何比尺、流速比尺、坡度比尺和糙率比尺等;在此研究基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)對(duì)坡面暴雨徑流侵蝕輸沙運(yùn)動(dòng)非常規(guī)比尺進(jìn)行了研究,主要考慮起動(dòng)相似、挾沙相似、床面變形相似及土壤水運(yùn)動(dòng)相似,最終得到包含幾何相似、水流運(yùn)動(dòng)相似、侵蝕產(chǎn)沙運(yùn)動(dòng)相似及土壤水運(yùn)動(dòng)相似的黃土高原坡面暴雨徑流非常規(guī)比尺關(guān)系式。3.分析了光滑鋁塑板、粘沙加糙和草墊加糙三種不同加糙方式的加糙效應(yīng)結(jié)果表明隨著下墊面粗糙程度的增加,相應(yīng)情況下水流的弗勞德數(shù)越來越小,在相同坡度條件下,鋁塑板和粘沙加糙床面水流的弗勞德數(shù)隨著流量的增加而增加,草墊加糙床面水流的弗勞德數(shù)隨著流量的增加逐漸減小而后趨于穩(wěn)定;在相同流量條件下,三種加糙床面水流的弗勞德數(shù)均隨坡度的增加而增加。隨著下墊面粗糙程度的增加,不同下墊面的阻力系數(shù)越來越大,在相同坡度條件下,光滑鋁塑板和粘沙加糙床面阻力系數(shù)隨著流量的增加而減小,草墊加糙床面阻力系數(shù)隨著流量增加未呈現(xiàn)明顯減小趨勢;在相同流量條件下,光滑鋁塑板、粘沙加糙和草墊加糙三種加糙方式阻力系數(shù)均隨坡度的增加而增加。4.對(duì)坡面暴雨徑流非常規(guī)比尺關(guān)系式徑流過程的初步驗(yàn)證。在坡面暴雨徑流非常規(guī)比尺模型推導(dǎo)的基礎(chǔ)上,本研究在室內(nèi)構(gòu)建了幾何比尺為0.5,坡度為0.017的原型和模型坡面,其中原型水深分別為1.5cm、1.8cm、2.0cm、2.2cm,對(duì)應(yīng)的模型水深分別為3.0cm、3.6cm、4.0cm、4.4cm,在正態(tài)條件下,對(duì)滿足幾何相似條件建造的原型坡面和模型坡面的水流流型、水流流態(tài)、阻力相似、運(yùn)動(dòng)相似等過程進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證,其偏離度大都在誤差允許范圍內(nèi),實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)坡面暴雨徑流非常規(guī)比尺模型的初步驗(yàn)證。
[Abstract]:The slope runoff characteristics of rainstorm, rainfall runoff erosion mechanism and its dynamic characteristics is an important content of slope surface water erosion dynamics. This research is based on the 2013 Yanan area on the Loess Plateau the hundred years of heavy rain, the rainfall characteristics, terrace erosion disaster and causes were studied, in order to further hydrodynamic characteristics essentially proved the rainstorm conditions of slope runoff in the small watershed of the loess plateau water erosion control based on physical simulation test technology, aiming at the slope water depth, hydraulic parameters measurement difficulties and other issues, on the loess plateau slope runoff unconventional scale were studied and verified, which provides a new way to study the method for dynamic characteristics of overland flow. The main results are as follows: 1. analysis of the rainstorm characteristics in the Loess Plateau, and the occurrence of primary erosion disaster Because, the results show that the Yanan area in 2013 the total rainfall reached 959 mm, one of the largest monthly rainfall in July was 568 mm, reached the million year standard; Yanan area 2013 extreme erosion of rainfall and rainstorm, the total area of Yanan in 2013; extreme rainfall conditions even piece terrace erosion severe, there is significant power function relationship between erosion modulus and relative elevation and catchment area, the lower terrace in the serious erosion of Yanan area; the maximum rainfall occurs mainly in the relative sunspot number and peak near 2 years, the relative sunspot number and the close relationship between the extreme rainfall in Yanan area; the maximum rainfall mainly occurs in the El Nino year, and mainly for the El Nino year dry year, when South oscillation index is negative when rainfall showed a downward trend in.2. the basic principle of the similarity theory and hydraulics, on the basis of previous research On the basis of the supplement by storm runoff in the Loess Plateau, the slope is non conventional model scale relation including geometry scale, velocity scale, slope scale and roughness scale; on the basis of slope rainfall runoff erosion sediment movement of non conventional scale is studied, the main considering the similarity, similarity of sediment carrying, bed deformation and similar soil water movement is similar to that obtained contains geometric similarity, similarity of flow movement and sediment movement similarity and soil water movement similar to the loess plateau slope runoff and non conventional scale.3. analysis of smooth aluminum plate, the roughening effect of three kinds of a rough way sticky brown grass mat and Shaka roughness that along with the increase of surface roughness, the corresponding case of Froude number flow more and more small, on the same slope conditions, aluminum plate and sand The number of Froude roughness bed flow increases with the increase of flow rate, straw bed roughness flow Froude number with the increase of flow rate gradually decreased and then tended to be stable; in the condition of the same flow rate, the number of Froude three roughness bed flow increased with the slope increases with the increase of the underlying surface. The roughness of the surface resistance coefficient under different growing conditions, in the same slope, smooth aluminum plate and sticky Sharjah rough bed resistance coefficient decreases with the increase of flow rate, the grass pad and rough bed resistance coefficient increased as the flow rate did not show significant decreasing trend; in the condition of the same flow rate, smooth plastic Brown sticky board, Shaka and grass mat roughness roughness three way resistance coefficient with the slope increases with the increase of.4. on slope runoff unconventional than the preliminary verification ruler relation runoff process. The slope runoff unconventional ratio Based on the derivation of the model, this study constructs in the indoor geometric scale is 0.5, the slope is 0.017 prototype and model of slope, the depth of the prototype were 1.5cm, 1.8cm, 2.0cm, 2.2cm, corresponding to the depth model of 3.0cm, 3.6cm, 4.0cm, 4.4cm, in normal conditions, the pattern of flow. The construction of the prototype meet the geometric similarity condition of slope and the slope of the flow model, the resistance similarity, similarity process was verified, the degree of deviation mostly in the range of allowable error, the slope runoff and unconventional than preliminary verification model.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國科學(xué)院教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：P426.6;S157

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