本文關(guān)鍵詞： 殘膜 殘膜量 阻滯 不確定性 土壤水分運(yùn)移 番茄生長(zhǎng)　出處：《中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國(guó)科學(xué)院教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心)》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：地膜具有增溫保墑、保水抑鹽,改善土壤水肥氣熱條件,促進(jìn)作物高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)等作用,在北方地區(qū)大面積推廣應(yīng)用,且使用量和覆蓋面積呈增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。但地膜厚度一般為0.008 mm,拉伸負(fù)荷較低,易破碎,殘膜機(jī)械回收率低。隨著使用年限的增加,田間殘膜量逐年增加,對(duì)土壤—作物生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的負(fù)面效應(yīng)也日益凸顯。本研究通過(guò)室內(nèi)土箱、土柱模擬和溫室番茄種植相結(jié)合的試驗(yàn)方法,設(shè)置了6個(gè)殘膜量水平,分別為0、80、160、320、640和1280 kg/hm2,研究了不同殘膜量對(duì)土壤水分垂直入滲、蒸發(fā)和水平擴(kuò)散及番茄生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響,為殘膜污染地區(qū)農(nóng)藝管理方式提供參考。本文的主要結(jié)論如下:1)殘膜延長(zhǎng)了土壤水分入滲時(shí)間,入滲至45 cm土層耗時(shí)隨殘膜量增加而增大;入滲一定時(shí)間,含殘膜處理的入滲曲線(xiàn)與無(wú)殘膜曲線(xiàn)分離,分離時(shí)間隨殘膜量增加而提前,分離時(shí)間與殘膜量之間呈對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)減小;Kostiakov模型更適合模擬含殘膜土壤的入滲過(guò)程;濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離與入滲時(shí)間呈冪函數(shù)增長(zhǎng)關(guān)系,但濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離隨殘膜量增加而遞減;隨殘膜量增加,作物適宜生長(zhǎng)區(qū)和水分分布重心逐漸上移。殘膜對(duì)土壤水分入滲有較大的不利影響,其影響程度隨殘膜量增加而增大。2)隨著殘膜量增加,濕潤(rùn)鋒垂直運(yùn)移速率和累積入滲量逐漸減小;殘膜量80 kg/hm2時(shí),濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率大幅下降;累積蒸發(fā)量隨殘膜量增加而遞減,而蒸發(fā)系數(shù)呈遞增趨勢(shì);隨殘膜量增加,0~10 cm和20~45 cm土層質(zhì)量含水率呈降低趨勢(shì),而土壤水分的變異系數(shù)呈增加趨勢(shì),殘膜加劇了土壤水分垂直分布的變異性,殘膜量320 kg/hm2的處理會(huì)出現(xiàn)表土層“板結(jié)”現(xiàn)象�；贕ibbs抽樣算法分析表明,Kostiakov入滲模型和Rose蒸發(fā)模型各參數(shù)的95%后驗(yàn)置信區(qū)間上下限的差值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差均隨殘膜量增加而增大,累積入滲量和累積蒸發(fā)量的95%后驗(yàn)置信區(qū)間面積呈增大趨勢(shì),土壤累積入滲量和累積蒸發(fā)量的不確定性隨殘膜增多而增強(qiáng)。3)殘膜是一種難降解持續(xù)性污染物,會(huì)降低水平濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率、累積入滲量和土壤水分?jǐn)U散率,殘膜對(duì)土壤水分水平運(yùn)動(dòng)的阻滯作用隨殘膜增多而增強(qiáng)。水平濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率、土壤含水率和累積入滲量均隨殘膜量增加而減小,殘膜量≥160 kg/hm2時(shí),水平濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率和累積入滲量大幅降低;殘膜對(duì)土壤水分水平運(yùn)動(dòng)的阻滯系數(shù)與殘膜量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,殘膜阻滯系數(shù)的最大增長(zhǎng)率出現(xiàn)在80~160kg/hm2殘膜量區(qū)間,增長(zhǎng)率達(dá)251.15%;隨殘膜量的增加,阻滯作用較強(qiáng)區(qū)域距離入滲點(diǎn)的距離增大,Boltzmann系數(shù)和水分?jǐn)U散率則逐漸減小,土壤基質(zhì)勢(shì)對(duì)水分水平運(yùn)動(dòng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)作用和土壤持水能力逐漸減弱;但混有殘膜的土壤水分水平運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程,仍符合土壤水分?jǐn)U散率單一參數(shù)模型和Kostiakov入滲模型。4)殘膜阻礙了番茄苗期和開(kāi)花坐果期根系的生長(zhǎng),根體積、根長(zhǎng)密度和根干質(zhì)量密度均隨殘膜量增加而降低;隨著殘膜量增加,苗期和開(kāi)花坐果期的株高和莖粗均呈減小趨勢(shì),且株高和莖粗的增長(zhǎng)速率逐漸降低。番茄養(yǎng)分積累的始盛期和高峰期隨殘膜量增加而提前,番茄追肥的最佳時(shí)期也應(yīng)提前。在番茄苗期和開(kāi)花坐果期,根系、莖稈、花和幼果的干物質(zhì)量均隨殘膜量增加而減少,而葉片的干物質(zhì)量呈遞增趨勢(shì)。殘膜對(duì)番茄苗期根系、地上部生長(zhǎng)和干物質(zhì)積累的阻礙作用高于開(kāi)花坐果期。由此可見(jiàn),殘膜對(duì)番茄苗期的危害強(qiáng)于開(kāi)花坐果期,且干物質(zhì)積累的始盛期和高峰期均隨殘膜量增加而提前,加強(qiáng)番茄苗期水肥管理和提前水肥施加時(shí)間是減輕殘膜危害的有利措施。
[Abstract]:Plastic film with temperature raising, water salinity, improve soil water and fertilizer gas and heat conditions, promote crop yield effect, popularization and application in large area in the northern region, and the usage and coverage area increased. But the film thickness is 0.008 mm, the tensile load is low, easily broken, mechanical recovery of residual film the rate is low. With the increase of service life, the film is increasing year by year, the negative effect on soil plant ecological system has become increasingly prominent. In this study, through indoor soil box test method, soil column simulation and greenhouse tomato planting combination, set up a level 6 film residues, respectively 0,80160320640 and 1280 kg/hm2 the study, different film residues on soil water vertical infiltration, evaporation and diffusion and growth and development of tomato, and provide a reference for the management of regional agronomic film pollution. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: 1) film extended soil Water infiltration time and infiltration to the soil layer of 45 cm with the time of residue film was increased; infiltration time, residual membrane treatment infiltration curve separation and no residual membrane separation time curve, and with the advance of residue film was increased, the separation between time and film residues logarithmic reduction; Kostiakov model more suitable for the infiltration process simulation of residual film soil; wetting front transport distance and infiltration time exponentially increase, but the wetting front distance with plastic film increased with the increase of volume decline; residual film, crop growth region and water distribution center gradually move up. The residual film on soil moisture infiltration greater adverse effects, the influence degree with the increase of residual film increases with increasing the amount of residual film.2), vertical wetting front migration rate and the cumulative infiltration decreased gradually; residue film was 80 kg/hm2, the wetting front migration rate decreased significantly; cumulative evaporation amount with film residues Decreased while the evaporation coefficient increased with the increase of the amount of residual film; 0~10, cm and 20~45 cm soil quality moisture content decreased, while the coefficient of variation of soil moisture increased, the residual film exacerbated the variability in the vertical distribution of soil moisture, processing of residue film was 320 kg/hm2 will appear in surface soil "hardening phenomenon. Analysis shows that the Gibbs sampling algorithm based on Kostiakov infiltration model and Rose evaporation model parameters of the 95% posterior confidence limit differential difference and standard interval were decreased with the increasing amount of residual film, cumulative infiltration and cumulative evaporation of the 95% confidence interval of the posterior area increased, the soil accumulation infiltration and cumulative evaporation uncertainty with plastic film increased and enhanced.3) film is a kind of difficult degradation of persistent pollutants, will reduce the level of transport velocity of wetting front, cumulative infiltration and soil moisture diffusion rate, residual coating on Soil Block water horizontal movement with the increasing level of residual film is enhanced. The wetting front migration rate, soil water content and cumulative infiltration decreased with the amount of residual film decreases with the increase of residue film was more than 160 kg/hm2, the level of transport velocity of wetting front and cumulative infiltration were greatly reduced; retardation coefficient of plastic film on the soil the level of soil water movement and the amount of residual film correlation, maximum growth rate of the residual film block coefficient in the range of 80~160kg/hm2 film residues, a growth rate of 251.15%; with the increase of the amount of residual film, blocking effect of strong regional infiltration distance the distance increases, the Boltzmann coefficient and the moisture diffusion rate is gradually reduced, the soil matrix the water potential on the horizontal movement of the drive function and water holding capability of soil decreased gradually; but mixed with the level of soil water movement process of plastic film, soil moisture diffusion rate is still in line with the single parameter model and Kostiakov infiltration model.4) film Hinder the root of tomato seedling and flowering stage of growth, root volume, root length density and dry mass density with film residues increased; with residual film increased, seedling stage and flowering stage of the plant height and stem diameter decreased, and the plant height and stem diameter growth rate gradually tomato nutrient accumulation was decreased. The peak and peak with the increase of residual film in advance, the best period of tomato fertilizer should also advance. In tomato seedling stage and flowering stage, root, stem, flower and young fruit dry weight increased with the amount of residual film decreases, while the leaf dry weight increased trend. Root residual coating on tomato seedling, higher flowering and fruit setting stage, growth and dry matter accumulation of aboveground obstacles. Thus, residual coating on tomato seedling to harm the flowering and fruit development stage, and the dry matter accumulation of the beginning period and the peak increased with the increase of early film residues It is a favorable measure to strengthen the management of water and fertilizer in tomato seedling stage and the time of applying water and fertilizer ahead of time to reduce the damage of the residual membrane.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國(guó)科學(xué)院教育部水土保持與生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S152.7;S626;S641.2

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