本文關(guān)鍵詞： 基本農(nóng)田保護(hù) 典型 農(nóng)業(yè)干旱 湖南　出處：《中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)干旱涉及到自然條件、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)等多方面因素,制約著農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展。雖然湖南地處我國(guó)亞熱帶地區(qū),降水較為豐富,但是其時(shí)空分布極不均勻,很多地方出現(xiàn)了不同程度的農(nóng)業(yè)干旱,給湖南農(nóng)業(yè)帶來(lái)了巨大的損失。為相應(yīng)國(guó)家“中部崛起”的戰(zhàn)略號(hào)召,使湖南農(nóng)業(yè)快速發(fā)展,本文通過(guò)收集2011年湖南省MODIS遙感數(shù)據(jù)、氣象數(shù)據(jù)以及其他相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),并結(jié)合湖南省的自然條件和社會(huì)狀況,采用2008年《中華人民共和國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)干旱等級(jí)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對(duì)湖南農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)進(jìn)行界定,劃分出不同等級(jí)的農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)域,并對(duì)不同農(nóng)業(yè)干旱等級(jí)的縣市進(jìn)行調(diào)查,對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)內(nèi)基本農(nóng)田的利用現(xiàn)狀、動(dòng)態(tài)變化及變化驅(qū)動(dòng)力等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行分析,以期明確湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)基本農(nóng)田保護(hù)中的存在的問(wèn)題,并提出對(duì)策。在為湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)創(chuàng)造巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益的同時(shí),通過(guò)節(jié)約和合理利用水、土資源,提高湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)的其他各項(xiàng)效益價(jià)值。進(jìn)而將該研究延伸到與湖南省自然條件相同的廣大南方地區(qū)的,服務(wù)于南方各類農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)的基本農(nóng)田保護(hù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：(1)湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)干旱現(xiàn)象較為嚴(yán)重,其中中度及中度以上農(nóng)業(yè)干旱地區(qū)占湖南全省面積的63%；其他地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)干旱也時(shí)有發(fā)生,但中度及中度以上農(nóng)業(yè)干旱發(fā)生概率相對(duì)較低。具體表現(xiàn)為：嚴(yán)重干旱區(qū)主要分布在湘中南及湘西地區(qū),占全省主要城市的35%；中度干旱區(qū)主要分布在湘南及資水上游地區(qū),占全省主要城市的28%；輕度干旱地區(qū)主要集中在環(huán)洞庭湖地區(qū)。(2)湖南省典型農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)在已利用的土地中主要以農(nóng)用地為主,典型農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)農(nóng)田面積從2007年末到2011年末凈減農(nóng)田0.24萬(wàn)公頃,人均耕地面積為0.0567公頃/人。2011年湖南省典型農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)農(nóng)作物播種面積為324.74萬(wàn)公頃,占全省農(nóng)作物播種面積的38.65%,其中糧食作物和稻谷面積為198.31萬(wàn)公頃和150.39萬(wàn)公頃,分別占典型農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)農(nóng)作物播種面積的46%和35%。湖南省典型農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)中中度農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)農(nóng)作物播種面積為187.95萬(wàn)公頃,較嚴(yán)重農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)多51.16萬(wàn)公頃；各類作物面積分別約為：糧食作物105.57萬(wàn)公頃,稻谷面積82.93萬(wàn)公頃,油料面積30.11萬(wàn)公頃,蔬菜面積24.83萬(wàn)公頃,均高于嚴(yán)重農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)各類作物面積。(3)湖南省典型農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)主要分布在衡邵盆地和湘西雪峰山區(qū)以及資水源頭地區(qū),這些地區(qū)以壤土為主,土壤容重1.1～1.4g/cm3,孔隙度50%～60%之間。土壤中N的含量較高,但是K和P嚴(yán)重缺乏。典型農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)各市平均耕地生產(chǎn)力指數(shù)為0.98。其中婁底市、邵陽(yáng)市的生產(chǎn)力指數(shù)較高,分別為1.22和1.09；張家界市生產(chǎn)力指數(shù)最低,為0.79。中度農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)生產(chǎn)力指數(shù)為0.93,嚴(yán)重干旱區(qū)生產(chǎn)力指數(shù)1.03。(4)本文采用專家打分法選取了影響湖南省典型農(nóng)田干旱區(qū)基本農(nóng)田變化8個(gè)因子,通過(guò)利用層次分析和主成分分析法來(lái)對(duì)湖南省典型農(nóng)田干旱區(qū)基本農(nóng)田變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)力進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)影響湖南省典型農(nóng)田干旱區(qū)基本農(nóng)田變化主要有3個(gè)主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力：社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、國(guó)家政策及自然環(huán)境因素。其中社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響因素特征值最高,為4.894,方差貢獻(xiàn)率為61.17%；其次是國(guó)家政策因素,其特征值為1.910,方差貢獻(xiàn)率為23.875%；最后是自然條件因素,其特征值為0.837,方差貢獻(xiàn)率10.463%。這表明社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)作為主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力對(duì)湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)干旱的影響最大。(5)通過(guò)結(jié)合典型農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)基本農(nóng)田的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在基本農(nóng)田保護(hù)中存在以下幾點(diǎn)不足：基本農(nóng)田面積在不斷減小,人地矛盾日益突出；監(jiān)管不嚴(yán),保護(hù)意識(shí)較差；‘頻繁調(diào)整、利用過(guò)程較為粗狂；基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)落后,阻礙農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。同時(shí)從政策、管理、技術(shù)三個(gè)層面對(duì)典型農(nóng)業(yè)干旱區(qū)基本農(nóng)田的保護(hù)提出了相應(yīng)的對(duì)策和建議。
[Abstract]:The agricultural drought is related to the natural conditions, many factors such as social economy, restricting the development of agriculture. Although Hunan is located in the subtropical region of China, rainfall is abundant, but its temporal spatial distribution is extremely uneven, many places appeared different degree of agricultural drought has brought huge losses to agriculture in Hunan. The corresponding strategic call the rise of central China, the rapid development of Hunan agriculture, this paper collected in Hunan province in 2011 MODIS remote sensing data, meteorological data and other related data, combined with the Hunan province natural conditions and social conditions, by 2008 "People's Republic of China agricultural drought classification standard of agriculture in the arid areas of Hunan > defines, divided into regional agricultural drought different grades, and the investigation of different agricultural drought counties, and utilization situation of agriculture in the arid areas in the basic farmland, dynamic change and Analyze the changes of driving force and other indicators, in order to clear the existing problems of Hunan province agriculture in arid area of basic farmland protection, and puts forward some countermeasures. To create enormous economic and social benefits for agriculture in the arid areas in Hunan province at the same time, through the conservation and rational use of water, soil resources, improve the efficiency of agricultural drought in Hunan province the value of the research. And then extended to the same natural conditions in Hunan province and the south area, the basic farmland protection service in the south of agriculture in the arid areas. The study found that: (1) the phenomenon of Hunan Province Agricultural drought is serious, the moderate and severe drought in Hunan province accounts for 63% of the area; other areas of agricultural drought have also occurred, but moderate and moderate drought occurrence probability is relatively low. The specific performance: the severe drought areas are mainly distributed in the south of Hunan and Xiangxi The main city area, accounting for 35% of the province; moderate drought area is mainly distributed in Hunan and upstream water resources area, the main city accounted for 28% of the province; mild drought area mainly concentrated in the central area of the Dongting Lake. (2) the typical agricultural drought area of Hunan Province in the use of land is mainly agricultural land, farmland in typical arid area the agricultural area from late 2007 to 2011 at the end of the year net decrease of 2 thousand and 400 hectares of farmland, per capita arable land area of 0.0567 hectares /.2011 in Hunan Province in agriculture in the arid areas of typical crops sown area of 3 million 247 thousand and 400 hectares, the province accounted for 38.65% of the sown area of crops, including grain crops and rice area of 1 million 983 thousand and 100 hectares and 1 million 503 thousand and 900 hectares, respectively, moderate crops in arid area agricultural planting area of typical arid region agricultural crop sown area of 46% and 35%. of Hunan Province, a typical agricultural drought area of 1 million 879 thousand and 500 hectares, serious agriculture in Arid Areas 澶，

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